英语从生态女性主义角度解读《德伯家的苔丝》.docx
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英语从生态女性主义角度解读《德伯家的苔丝》.docx
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英语从生态女性主义角度解读《德伯家的苔丝》
AStudyofTessofd’UrbervillesFromthePerspectiveofEcofeminism
DongXinran
AThesisSubmittedasPartialRequirements
FortheBachelor’sDrgreeofArtsinEnglish
SupervisedbyLiMingcui
SchoolofForeignLanguages
ZhengzhouUniversity
April29,2019
摘要
托马斯·哈代以“性格与环境小说”闻名。
他认为女性在男权社会下所受到的控制和大自然在人类社会所受到的压迫是相似的,因此二者有着极其密切的联系。
托马斯·哈代的小说中充满了人与自然、男性和女性以及工业化和自然环境之间的矛盾。
生态女性主义是二十世纪女性运动和生态运动的结合物,该理论的支持者呼吁废除男权社会,建立一个更加平等、人与自然和谐相处的社会。
本文以托马斯·哈代的代表作《德伯家的苔丝》为例进行分析,小说在描述苔丝的悲剧命运的同时,夹杂了大量的对自然的描写,展现了受压迫的女性与被破坏的自然之间的共同点和联系。
本文将分析苔丝悲剧的社会原因,剖析女性与自然的内在联系,以及生态女性主义在当今社会的现实意义。
关键词:
生态女性主义,托马斯·哈代,《德伯家的苔丝》
Abstract
ThomasHardywasfamousforhisWessexnovel.Hebelievesthattheoppressionthatwomensufferedfrompatriarchysocietyissimilartothedamagethatnaturesufferedformhumanworld,thuswomenandnaturearecloselyinterconnectedwitheachother.Theconflictsandcontradictionsbetweenhumanandnature,betweenmenandwomenandbetweenindustrializationandnaturalenvironmentcanbeeasilyseeninhisnovels.Ecofeminisimisthecombinationoffeminismcampaignsin20thCenturyandecologicalactivities.Supportersforthisideologyappealtoabolishthemale-dominancesociety,andbuildamorejusticeandharmoniousone.InTessofthed’Ubervilles,ThomasHardynotonlydescribesthemiserablefateofTess,butalsomingledwithagreatnumberofdescriptionsfornature,whichdemonstratedthecommonpointsandconnectionsbetweenwomenandnature.ThisarticlewillanalyzethesocialreasonsforTess’stradgy,dissecttheconnectionbetweenwomenandnature,andthepracticalsignificanceofecofeminisimintoday’ssociety.
Keywords:
ecofeminism,ThomasHardy,Tessofthed’Urbervilles
Acknowledgements
Iwouldliketoexpressmysincereappreciationtoallpeopleofmydegreecourses.Firstofall,Igratefullyappreciatetheadviceandthehelpofmysupervisor,LiMingcuiforherpatienceguidance,constructivesuggestions,insightfulcriticismandheartfeltencouragement.Icouldn’tfinishthispaperwithoutherefforts.
IalsowanttoappreciatealltheteachersandprofessorsinSchoolofForeignLanguages.Ihavelearntalotfromthemduringthepastfouryears,bothacademicallyandmentally.Ihighlyappreciatetheirseriousteachinganenlighteninglectures.
What’smore,mythanksalsogotomyparents,friendsandroommates,fortheirvaluablesuggestionsandcontribution.
Outline
I.Introduction
II.BasicConceptofEcofeminisim
A.DefinitionandMainIdeasofEcofeminism
B.TheDevelopmentofEcofeminisim
C.ThePracticalSignificanceofEcofeminism
III.ThomesHardyandEcofeminisim
IV.Tessofd’UrbervillesandEcofeminisim
A.TheBackgroundofTessofthed’Urbervilles
B.MainPlotsofTessofthed’Urbervilles
C.AnalysisofTessofthed’UrbervillesFromthePerspectiveofEcofeminisim
1.Tess:
ADaughterofNature
2.Tess:
AVictimtoPatriarchalSocietyandIndustrilzation
D.TheMaleCharatersinTessofthed’Urbervilles
1.JohnDurbeyfield
2.Alex
3.AngelClare
VI.Conclusion
Introduction
Withthedevelopmentoffeminismandthegrowthofindustrilizationin18thCentury,ecofeminismcameintobeing,whichwasoneofthemostsignificantbranchesinfeminismstudy.Ecofeminisimisthecombinationoffeminismcampaignsin20thCenturyandecologicalactivities.Itcanberegardedasthenaturalfeminismsinceitinheritstheoldtheoriesoffeminismintransitionalsenseandstartsanewresearchfieldrelatedtoecologyandnature.Exceptthesocialreform,ecofeminismhasalsoexpandeditsinfluencetotheoreticalresearch,analyzesthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemale,discussesthefemaleidentityandvalue,futherleadstothecriticismforthediscriminationandoppressionagainstwomen.Italsostudiestheecologicalissuesandcritisizedthegovernanceofpatriarchyfromtheperspectiveofgenderdifferences.Ecofeminisimhasastronginfluenceinwesternworld,especiallyduringthefeminismandecologicalcampaign.Ithasembarkedonanewpathofresearchforgenderandecologicalproblems.Supportersforthisideologybelievethatwomenarethedaughtersofnaturesothatwomen’sfeelingsandfatearecloselyconnectedtonaturalchanges,appealtoabolishthemale-dominancesocietythenbuildamorejusticeandharmoniousone.Theybelievethatallthedisrespectful,harmfulanddevastatingbehaviorstonaturearethedirectorindirectinsultstowomen.Ecofeminisimputsgreatemphasisonwomen’sfreedomandtheirautonomousrightsinnature,upholdsandenhancesthepurityinwomen’snature.Itupholdsthebeliefthatnooneshouldhurtwomenonthegroundofone’spreferenceespeciallypatriarchy.Theecologicalcrisisandgenderoppressionarethemajorandfundementalcausesforthedisharmonyinhumansociety.Intermsofliterature,ecofeminisimaimstochangemarginalizedstatusofwomenandnaturebyliterarycriticismfromtheperspectiveofnatureandgender.
Asafamouscriticalrealistnovelistin19thCentury,ThomasHardywaswidelyknownforhisWessexnovel,whichindicatesthedeeperconflictsbetweenpeopleandenvironmentmaywidelyexistinhisnovels.Hebelievesthattheoppressionthatwomensufferedfrompatriarchysocietyissimilartothedamagethatnaturesufferedfromhumanworld,thuswomenandnaturearecloselyinterconnectedwitheachother.Giventhebackgroundofsocialandindustrialdevelopment,theconflictsandcontradictionsbetweenhumanandnature,betweenmenandwomenandbetweenindustrializationandnaturalenvironmentcanbeeasilyseeninhisnovels.Hardyrealizedsensitivelythatwomenandnaturearesharingacommonfutureandfate,whichmadehisnovelsbecameaparagonofnewwomen.Tessofthed’UrbervillesisoneofthegreatestmasterworksofThomasHardy.InTessofthed’Ubervilles,ThomasHardyshapedafemalecharacterwhodeeplysufferedfromoldmoralityandreligiouspersecution.ThesubtitleofthenovelisAPureWoman,whichhadchallengedhypocriticalmalechauvinisminVictorianagepubliclyanddemonstratedthethemeofecofeminism.Tesswasaruralgirlwhowaspureandkind.Shelookedforwardtoaworldwhichistrueandbeautifulatfirst,butshewasinjuredbythedarknessandhypocrisyinherworld.Sheworkedatadistantrelative’shomeforherfamily’sliving.Asayoungandinnocentlady,shewasseducedandrapedbyAlexandlostherchastity.LatershefellinlovewithagentlemannamedClare,butwasabandonedbyhimattheweddingnightbecauseofherconfessionaboutherpast.Outofthesenseoffamilyresponsibilityandself-sacrifice,shebecameAlex’smistressagainstherownwill.Attheendofthenovel,TesskilledAlexasarevengewhichpaidwithherlife.Althoughtheendingofthenovelwastragic,Hardyhadhighlypraisedthenewwomenfromtheperspectiveofecofeminism.SinceThomasHardyregardedTessasadaughterofnature,ThomasHardynotonlydescribedthemiserablefateofTess,butalsomingledwithagreatnumberofdescriptionsfornature,whichdemonstratedthecommonpointsandconnectionsbetweenwomenandnature.Hardytendstocreatafemaleimagewhocanperfectlysuitwithallthenaturalthings.AfterthepublicityofTessofthed’Ubervilles,theresearchesforthenovelaremainlyfocusesontheanalysisoftheconceptofhealthywomen,theanalysisforthecausesofthetragedy,Hardy’sinterpretationforfemale,interpretationofnaturalismandfemaleimagesinwesternpatriarchaldiscourse.ThisarticlewillfutheranalyzethesocialreasonsforTess’stradgy,dissecttheconnectionbetweenwomenandnature,andthepracticalsignificanceofecofeminisimintoday’ssociety,allthepointsanddiscussionswillbebasedontheideaofecofeminism.
II.BasicConceptofEcofeminisim
A.DefinitionandMainIdeasofEcofeminism
Asapoliticalandsocialcampaign,ecofeminismisthemajorbranchduringthethirdfeminismmovement.Itbelievesthattheoppressionforwomenandthedegenerationofnatureareconnectedwitheachother.Ecofeminismmainlyconcernsabouttherelevanceamonggenderdiscrimination,theoppressionfornature,racialdiscrimination,speciesismandothersocialinjustice.Itcouldbereferredtonaturalfeminismsinceitinheritstheoldtheoriesandopensupanewarea.Ecofeminisimsupporterstendtoseekaculturethatconnectwithnaturewhileholdingthebeliefthataecologistwilldefinitelybeanecofeminist.Ecofeminisimsupportersopposetheanthropocentrismandandrocentrism,upholdstheideaofnatureiscontrolledbyhumanbeing.Itcriticizesthepatriarchalvaluesandpraisestheintrinsicqualityofwomen.Theaimofecofeminismistoestablishautopiawhichfollowstheprinciplesofecofeminismandfeminism.
1.Thecoretheory
Ecofeminisimisacombinationoffeminismandecologicalideology.Itbelievesthatthesocialmentalityofmanipulatingfemaleisdirectlyrelatedtotheabusementofglobalenvironment.Fromtheperspectiveofcriticizingthesenseofhierarchyandlogicsofrulesinthewesternmodernworldviews,ecofeminismpointsouthowtheworldviewsofandrocentric,analyticandmechanisticoppressthenatureandwomenaswellastheconnectionwiththeideaofmale-dominant.Thus,theyinistedthatthemovementtofreewomenornaturefromdiscriminationandoppressionmustbelaunchedatthesametime.Sincethisideahastiedwomenliberationandnaturesalvationtogether,ecofeministseestheancientwisdomofpre-mordernworldviewsastheprecioussourceoftheory.Thepre-modernworldviewsregardednatureasaholisticorganismandhighlyadmitteditsimmanencevalueandtheequitybetweenhumanbeingandotherspices.
2.MainIdeas
Womenaremoreconnectedtonature,whilethe
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