英文翻译碳纳米管在饮用水处理中的应用.docx
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英文翻译碳纳米管在饮用水处理中的应用.docx
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英文翻译碳纳米管在饮用水处理中的应用
•TheApplicationofCarbonNanotubesindrinkingwatertreatment
(1)
•
•Watercovers70%oftheearth’ssurface,butonly0.003%ofthetotalwatercanbedrunk.Withtheacceleratedprogressinbothcivilizationandindustrialization,theproblemofwaterbecomesmoreandmoreserious.AsWecansay,withtheprogressofcivilization,theusageofwaterbecomesmoreandmorelocalized,andthewaterinthecityandsurroundingsbecomeslessandless,isnotenoughformeetingtheneedofthecity;withtheprogressofindustrialization,theproblemofwaterpollutionbecomesmoreandmoreserious,whichaffectsthewaterqualitysignificantly.Whenpeopleconsumepollutedwater,theywillpotentiallygetsickwithdifferentdiseases.Peoplehavedevelopedmanynewtechnologiestopurifywater:
oneistopurifyandfilterthesourcewaterandatthesametime,torecycleandreusethewastewatertomeetthehumanbeing'sincreasingneedsofwater.
•Nowadays,themethodsofwatertreatmentcanbecategorizedasthethreefollowings:
physicaltreatment,chemicaltreatmentandmicrobiologicaltreatment.Thesocalledphysicaltreatmentmethodsarethetechnologiesincludingutilizingsizeexclusionmethod(micro,nano,ultraandROfiltration),physicaladsorption(activatedcarbonandactivatedcarbonfiber),thermalevaporationandlowtemperaturecrystallization.Chemicalmethodsarethetechnologiesthatrelatetoutilizingflocculation,(aluminumsalt),exchangereaction(exchangeresin),oxidation(ozone,Fluorine,andchemicaldisinfection).Micro-biologicalmethodsarethetechnologiesthatconcernwithutilizingbio-deactivation,bio-decomposition(combinationofbacteriaandmembrane).Nowadays,inordertoimprovethequalityofthewater,weusuallycombineacoupleofdifferenttechnologiestopurify/filterthewater,suchasdomesticusewaterfiltrationsystemorwaterpurifierforthetreatmentoflightpollutedwater.Afterthewatertreatmentplantfromthecity,asystemwithsimplecombinationofmicrofiltration,activatecarbonandultrafiltration,couldbeusedtoobtainthedrinkingwater,whichmeetsthedrinkingwaterstandard.Inordertoremovebacteriaandvirusinwater,somesystemscontainsomefilterswithanti-bacteriamaterialscontainingfluorineorsilver.Thesystemwillnotonlyremovethecontaminantinthewater,butalsopreservethemineralsandtraceelementsnecessaryforthehumanhealth.Thetasteofthewatermaybegood,butthereleasingrateofAgorFluorineisnotthateasilycontrolled,itmayreleasemorewhenitneedslessandreleaseslesswhenitneedsmoreinthewatertokillthebacteriaandvirus.Becauseofthisproblem,alotofproductsonthemarketcan’tmeetthestandard.Asforthehighlypollutedwater,especiallythewaterwithhighconcentrationofheavymetalsandhighhardness,afterthetreatmentfromthecitywatertreatmentplant,itcannotproducehighqualitywatertomeetthedrinkingwaterstandardbyonlyutilizingsimplecombinationoftheabovementionedtechnologies.Inthiscaseitwillneedsomespecialwatertreatmentfilterstoremovethesepollutantsandproducehealthywatertomeetthedrinkingwaterstandard.
•AlotofproductshaveremovedthepollutantbyROmethods,butthereissomedisadvantagesregardingtoROsystem,itcan'tonlyremovethewaterpollutants,butalsosomemineralsandtraceelementsnecessarytohumanbeings,whichwillaffectpeople’shealth.Itiswellknownthataccordingtosizeexclusionmethod,bothROandUFcanremovebacteriaandvirus,butwouldstillbeproblembyusingthesemethodsbecausebacteriaandviruscangrowinthemembraneandthemembranemaypotentiallyhavedefectsthroughwhichbacteriaandviruscanpassthesemembranes.AlsotheactivatedcarbonandthestoragetankinmostoftheROsystemscouldbeaverygoodsourceforgrowingbacteriaandvirus.SomesystemsareusingUVlamptoeliminatebacteriaandvirusposttheROsystem.Theproductisusuallydesignedaccordingtothequalityofthewater,theflowrateandtheclearnessofthewateraswellasthetransparencyoftheUVglasstubetoachievethedisinfection.Duringthecourseofusingthissystem,theglasstubeoftheUVlampisoftencoveredbyalayerofpollutant,hencethetransparencyrateoftheglasstubedecreasesandthenaffectthedisinfectioneffects.Henceonlywhenbothscientistandengineercometorealizetheproblem,woulditbetheultimatesolutionforthecustomerthatthewaterfiltrationsystemandwaterpurifierproduceristoprovidesolutionstothecustomer,notapurepurificationorfiltrationsystembyutilizingtheadvancedscientificandtechnologicalknowledge.
•Astherepresentativeofadvancedscienceandtechnologies,nanomaterialssandnanotechnologyhasbeenwidelyusedinmanyapplications.Therecentstudiesindicatedthatnanoscienceandnanotechnologycouldbepotentiallytoovercomethedisadvantagesoftraditionalwatertreatmenttechnologiesduetothespecialstructurecharacteristicsandtechnologicalpropertiesandhencetobethenewbrightpointforwatertreatmenttechnologies.Itisexpectedthat:
nanotechnologycanaffectsignificantlyonthewatertreatmentmembranedisinfection,removeheavymetals,otherpoisonousandharmfulchemicals.
•Carbonnanotubeasoneoftheimportantnanomaterialss,duetoitslightweight,highsurfaceareaandhighadsorptioncapabilityanditsspecialanti-bacteriacharcateristics,itwillhavebigpotentialadvantagesoverthetraditionalwatertreatmentresearchandindustrialization.Thesocalledcarbonnanotubesisaseamlesstubestructure,itiswrappedwithsingleormultiplelayersofgraphenesheets.Whenitisasinglelayer,itiscalledsinglewallcarbonnanotube;whenitismultiplelayers,itiscalledMulti-wallcarbonnanotubes.Inthefollowingresearch,unlessitisemphasized,allthecarbonnanotubesaremulti-wallcarbonnanotubes.Fig1showsaschematicdrawingofmulti-wallcarbonnanotubes.Fromthefigure,itisnotdifficulttofindoutthatifwecutasinglewallcarbonnanotube,aperfectgraphenelayerwillbeshownup.Ofcourse,whenweproducethecarbonnanotube,itwillnotbetheperfectstructure,andmayhavemanydefectsincludingsomedefectsonthewallandtubeends.Thesedefectsplayaveryimportantrolefortheirproperties.Wherethereisnodefect,thecarbonnanotubeshowsverygoodpibondcharacteristics;wheretherearesomedefects,thecarbonnanotubewillshowchargetransfertosomedifferentextent.Theinteractionbetweencarbonnanotubesandpollutantswillbedifferent.Additionally,thesurfaceofthecarbonnanotubescanalsobemodifiedusingchemicalstoshowdifferentfunctionality,henceitwillhavespecialcharacteristicsforremovingspecialpollutants.Theschematicdrawinginfigure1showssomestructuresonthesurface.Ithasalayerofdecorationonthesurfaceofcarbonnanotubes,itcanalsocalledfunctionalizedcarbonnanotubes.
•
•Itisanunsolvedproblemthatwhodiscoveredcarbonnanotubes.Maybein1975,or1987,somescientistsandengineershaveobservedorindustrializedcarbonnanotube,butthearticlepublishedin1991byIijimaprovidedaverycleardescriptionofthecarbonnanotube,whichattractedagreatattentionfromthewholescientificandindustrialsociety.
•Theappliedstudyofcarbonnanotubeinwatertreatmentstartedin2002,andthesestudiesareprimarilyfocusedonmicrobioogicalpollutionandheavymetalelmentsremoval.Thestudiesonmicrobiologicalremovalaremuchmoresystematichencesomeproductshavebeenmade.Asforthestudisonheavymetalremovalarestillattheirearlystageinlab.Itwilltakesometimetocommercializeit.Thereisagrowingconcernonthedrugresidualandantitoxinsindrinkingwater.Toremovethesepollutantsfromdrinkingwaterisnotefficientbyusingthetraditionaltechnologies.Therecentstudyontheremovalofthesekindsofpollutantsbyusingcarbonnanotubesmaybringarevolutiontechnologyinwatertreatmentindustry.
•Theresearchoncarbonnanotubeapplicationinwatertreatmentwasnotaverywelldesignedexperiment.Itwasoriginatedfromanobservationbyaccident.Everybodyhaskindofknowledge:
anunfinishedcokeinthebottle,itiskeptinairforsometime.Alayeramoldwillbeshownuponthecoke.Oneday,oneofthefounderfoundoutthattherewasnomoldlayergrowthonthecokewhenthecokeisleftwithsomecarbonnaotubesinit.Thisremindedhimthatcarbonnanotubemighthaveanti-bacteriaproperties.Sincethen,ittooktheteam9yearstostudytheanti-bacteriaeffectofcarbonnanotubethoroughlyandatthesametime,todevelopfiltrationsystemcontainingcarbonnanotubetouseinthewatertreatmentapplications.Ofcourse,thestudiesonthecarbonnanotubeswithanti-bacteriapropertieswerenotonlyinSeldon.Attheearlytime,inordertoacceleratethestudyoncarbonnanotubes,SeldontriedtocollaboratewithYaleUniversitytoconductcollaborationwork.However,thecollaborationdidnotgowell,thestudiesontheanti-bacteriapropertiesofcarbonnanotubesinYaleUniversitystartedtobethemostproductivegroupinthisfield.TheybecamethenextresearchcampintheworldrightafterSeldon.Becauseofthesimilarityofcarbonnanotubesandactivatedcarbon,Tsinghuauniversitystartedtostudytheremovalofionsfromwaterbyusingcarbonnanotubes,andthenalotofgroupsstartedtoconductsimilarstudies.Aftertheseyears,thestudiesofremovalionsfromwaterbyusingcarbonnanotubesaremoresystematic,butnoproducthasbeenproduced(developed)fordoingthis.
•MaybethepatentfromSeldononCarbonnanotubeapplicationinwatertreatmentprev
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- 英文翻译 纳米 饮用水 处理 中的 应用