道教与古希腊哲学Taoism and Classical Greek philosophy.docx
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道教与古希腊哲学Taoism and Classical Greek philosophy.docx
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道教与古希腊哲学TaoismandClassicalGreekphilosophy
道教与古希腊哲学TaoismandClassicalGreekphilosophy
*导读:
TheharmonyinEasternandWesternconception:
TaoismandClassicalGr……
TheharmonyinEasternandWesternconception:
TaoismandClassicalGreekphilosophy.
HenrikKlindt-Jensen,UniversityofAarhus,Denmark
Preliminaryremarks
Inthispaper,IamgoingtoclarifytherelationbetweentheconceptsofharmonyinEasternthought-particularintheTaoism-andinthewesternthought,particularinClassicalGreekPhilosophy.
ChineseversusGreekphilosophyingeneral
IntheancientGreece,thedisciplinephilo-sophiaphilosophywasbornastheconcernandloveforwisdom;Pythagorasseemstobethefirstuseroftheword:
hewouldnotproclaimhimselfasbeingawiseman,asophos,butthroughrationalityhecouldreflectwisdominaway,whereitcanbeofunderstandinganduseforpeopleoflesswisdom;hethusconceivedhimselfasaphilo-sophos,aphilosopherinsteadofasophos.
Furthermore,Pythagoraswasamathematician,discoveringthelawforharmonyinthetonepitcheswithregardtolengthofthestrings.TheGreekPhilosophyisbornasaPhilosophyofnature,notnecessarydenyingtheexistenceofthegods,butnotrelyingonthese.ThegivingupofthegodsastheexplanationfortheworlddoesnotimplytheoldGreekbeliefinharmony.Nowitisfoundintheco-existenceofseveralelementsofnature,byEmpedoclesfourinnumber.AlsoChinesePhilosophystatesaminornumberofelements;thebalanceofthesemustalsobefoundinmanandthusindirectlyinsociety.
WefindacommonfeatureintheconceptionofharmonyintheclassicalGreekPhilosophyandChinesePhilosophy:
theharmonyispreparedinnature,butmanmustseektoaccomplishtheharmonywithinthesocietyandtheconcreteindividualharmonyinbodyandmind.Herewefindthecrucialconceptofself-controlintheGreekPhilosophy.Itisexpressedintheoldvirtuesophrosyne.Ifweshallhaveharmonyinsociety,wemusthaveharmonywithourselves-throughsophrosyne.
TheChinesePhilosophyisaPhilosophyofcosmosaswellasphilosophyoflife.SincetheGreekPhilosophyisratherreflective,itmoreseparatestheseareasofthoughts.Bornasathinkingofnature,theGreekPhilosophyonlylaterreflecteduponlifebeginningwithSocrates.Socratesinheritedalsowisdom,notconcernedasPhilosophybeforehim:
hefollowedtheinscriptionovertheentrancetotheApolloTempleinDelphi,statingKnowthyselfandNottoomuch.SuchwisdomisapartofChinesephilosophyfromitsverystartsincewehavegivenamorebroaddefinitionofphilosophyinChina.ButthiswisdombecomespartofGreekPhilosophythroughSocrates.Socrateswasprovokedbythesophists,statingrelativismandlackofobediencetothegods,thedenialoftheoldvalues,thevirtuesbelongingtotheformeraristocraticsociety.Thesophistsbelongedtothenewtime,notbaseduponcultivatinginheritedlandwiththeuseofslaves,alandthatoriginallywasappropriatedbywarfareandcourage;thesophistrepresentedthenewculturethatwasbasedupontradeandcraft.Socrateswantedtorestoretheoldvalues,toreformulatetheminaway,wheretheycouldenterintothenewtime.Socratesbecamecriticalaboutthenewdemocracy,wheretheoldvalues,thevirtueswherelost.Thewayforthworthwouldbeakindofgeneraleducation;hebeganwiththeyoungstersonthesquareofAthens.Thenewtimeprovidedabreedinggroundfordrifttowardsegoisticpowerandgreediness.Thismeantthebreakoftheoldharmony.Thetaskwastocreateanewharmony.Youwouldhavetobeginwithyourownself-control,yourmodestywhichwasoneoftheoldvirtues:
sophrosyne.SocratespupilPlatocontinuedthisprojectofeducationbyhisschool,calledtheAcademy.Here,hedrawSocratesmoreconcretebroadereducationbackintothemythicalandmetaphysicalperspectives.ThuswefindthemythofthelostGoldenAge,wheregodsandmenhadbeentogether,foundbyHesiodusetc.ThedevelopmenthadbeendecaytoHesiodusownIronAge.Thetaskwasthustogetamemoryoftheoldtimeandtobringitintothenewsociety.AlsoinChinesephilosophy,wefindaconceptionofthehistoryintermsofdecay.EspeciallyinConfucianism,thetaskforthephilosophyisseenasbringingbackthegoldentimeoftheearlyChouDynasty,oratleastfeaturesofit.Socrates,PlatoandAristotleunderstoodthemselvesinanoppositiontotheactualdemocraticwayofgovernmentofthestate;theymorebelievedinsomekindofAristocracy,butnotinthedecadentformofthereactionaryruleofthe30tyrants,whichforfewyearsinterruptedthedemocraticdevelopment.TheChinesephilosophersatleastinprinciple-wereoftentruetotheactualaristocraticempire,butsawthatitwasinneedofimprovements.ThustheChineseandtheGreekphilosopherscanbecompared:
earlieronthingsweremuchbetter,butnowthingsaregoingwrong,peoplearenotfindingtheharmonyinsidethemselves,andthustheharmonyofthestatecannotbemaintained.Alsotheleader/theleadersofthestatemusttraininaway,whereheortheycanleadhimselforthemselves,andleadthestateinthebenefitforall.Philosophyisthemedicineforasicksocietyandtheultimatetoolforitsleader.EspeciallySocratesthencouldhavebeenafineChinesephilosopher.Hisdevotionforhiscity-state,polis,namelyAthens,hisabundanceofpowerinhisownbehaving,hisdesirefortheharmonyandmodestself-knowledgeisquitworthyfortheChinesecastle,aswellasforthesquareofAthens.Hisinsistenceonfineoldvalues,developedinaristocraticallyharmony,isratherChinese.HishumorisofChinesegreatness.AndhisironywouldhavekilledhiminChina,justasitdidinAthens.ButthetemperamentoftheChinesephilosophersthemselvesgoesmoreinthedirectionofthelaterStoicphilosophers:
Lateron,intheHellenisticphilosophyandespeciallyintheEpicureanism,wefindtheconceptofataraxia,meaningpeaceinmind;thismustbecomparedwiththeTaoisticwuwei,donothing:
thewuweiexpresses,thatyoushouldnothesitatewithdoingallkindofdesperatethings,beawareofwhatisgoingonandactincalmaccordancewiththis,sothatchangeshappenthoughyouandnotfromyou,accordingtotheTao:
InTaoTeChing,itisstated:
Letnothingbeundone[i].Ataraxiaistheattitude,whereyoucalmlytakepartinlifeinawarenessofallthefightforpower,reputationetc.
Lateragain,thestoicphilosophygetsimpactintheRomanEmpirethroughCiceroetc.Sointheend,alsotheclassicalwesternphilosophybecomescriticalsustaininganempireliketheChinesephilosophywasfromitsverybeginning.Atthattime,however,theclassicalphilosophywasnotGreekanylonger,butRoman.Paradoxically,thewaytoharmonygoesthroughsomekindofwar.BothChineseandGreekphilosophyhasoriginsinwarcultures.Tobeasoldieristobeamanofvirtue,andthevirtuemakessocietypossible.Waristheconditionbutpeaceisthewayforthworth.Youmustfightwithyourselfinordertogetharmony,balance,butthefightcomesfromthewar.Philosophyisaproceedingofthewarturnedtoafightforpeaceandharmony.
Thusthepre-SocraticphilosopherEmpedoclesseesthecontinuingchangesbetweenPhilots/Philia-Friendship,Love-andtheNeikosStrife-asthecosmicandmetaphysicalprinciple[ii].Thechangesareexpressedbytheverbmetaballeinandthesubstantivemetabol,[iii]whichisalsothecrucialexpressionofchangeinthesecondpartoftheParmenides-dialogue;weshallreturntothislater.Taoism,asgroundedonIGing,isaPhilosophyofchanging.Thusharmonyisgainedthroughthechangeoftheouterwarintoandinnerfightbetweenoppositefeatureofourbodyandmind,andthroughastrengtheningofbothininnerbalance.
WemustalsomentionAristotle'sconceptofthegoldenmittelway.TheclassicalGreekseekforharmonywillalsobeaseekforavoidingtheextremes.WeshallfurtherregardfourthemesintherelationbetweenclassicalGreekphilosophicalwayofharmonizing,andTaoisticalwayofharmonizingthefirstthemewillbethementionedstrengthening:
ThethemeofstrengthinTaoismandGreekphilosophy
TheoriginalmeaningofTeisfoundittheverytitleTaoTeChing,isthepower[iv].Itiscommonlytranslatedvirtue,andthismeaningcannotbeexcludedneither:
thetaskistotrainthevirtueasaspiritualstrength.Socratesgiveshispupilsamereintellectualtraininginunderstandingtheoldatticvirtuesaslostvaluesthatshouldberestored.Sothispointiscrucial.Theintellectualtrainingispresentedinparalleltothephysical.Theverbisgymnazeintomakeexercises(withouthavingClotheson:
gymnosmeansnaked).Thegymnazeinisusedmetaphoricallyabouttheintellectualtraining.Thereis,however,norelationbetweenthebodilyandtheintellectualtraining.ButinChinesetradition,quitetheoppositewasandisthecase:
here,thespiritualstrengthisgenerallycombinedwiththetrainingofthebody.ThisisseenespeciallyintheChaiChi.NeitherdoesLaoTzusformermentionedwuwei[v]expressweakness,lackofdecision,butspiritualstrength:
indoingnothing,youdouniteyourselfwiththeTao,sothatyouarefulfilledwiththeTeandnothingisleftundone.HerewehavethecrucialdifferencebetweenChineseandGreekphilosophy:
TheChinesePhilosophyandnotinthesmallestdegreetheTaoismcombinesinsight,harmony,equilibriumwithpersonalandperhapsuniversalstrength.Thestrengthhasalsoaspiritualdimension.ThisissimplynotthecaseintheGreektradition.Socrates,forinstance,indeedhadbeenasoldier,asocalledhoplite,andduringtherestofhisdayswefindhimbrav
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