英语语言学导论.docx
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英语语言学导论.docx
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英语语言学导论
CourseName:
IntroductiontoLinguistics
Sept.2012,forGrade2010Classes1-6
EnglishUndergraduateProgram
DepartmentofEnglish
SchoolofForeignLanguageStudies
NanchangUniversity(NCU)
CourseInstructor:
Prof./Dr.JIANG
Syllabus
CourseDescription:
ThiscourseaimsatprovidingundergraduatejuniorsofEnglishmajorwithafundamentalandsystematicaccountofthebasicknowledgeofthestudiesoflinguisticsatthemoderntimewithexplanations,illustrations,andnecessaryexamplesfromthecoursebookandalsofrompresentEnglishandChineselanguageuses,tohelpdevelopthestudents’interestinthisstudy,tofacilitatetheirunderstandingofthelinguistictermsandtheories,andtobuildasystematicknowledgeofthesaidstudy.
MajorBooksUsedforthisCourse:
1)Hu,Zhuanglin2006.Linguistics.ACourseBook(ThirdEdition).BeijingUniversityPress,usedasstudents’coursebook.
2)Robins,R.H.1967/1997.AShortHistoryofLinguistics(4thedn).London,NewYork:
Longman.
4)Yule,George.2000.TheStudyofLanguage.Beijing:
ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.
5)KeithBrownetal.(eds.)2006.EncyclopediaofLanguageandLinguistics(2ndedn),Oxford:
Elsevier.
6)Collinge,N.E.(ed.)2005.AnEncyclopaediaofLanguage.London,NewYork:
Routledge.
7)Strazny,Philipp(ed.)2005.AnEncyclopediaofLinguistics.NewYork,Oxon:
FitzroyDearborn.
8)Wikipedia.
9)EncyclopaediaBritannica.2007.theelectroniceditioncanbeaccessibleontheinternet.
CourseRequirements:
1)Attentivelistening,activeparticipation,quicknote-takingandunderstanding,nicepresentationinclassandalltherelatedactivities
2)Completepreview,in-classandafter-classassignments
3)Passthefinalexamination
CourseSchedule:
1)GeneralIntroduction
2)Chapter1—Designfeatures,origin,andfunctionsoflanguage
3)Chapter1—Mainbranches,macro-linguistics,andimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics
4)Chapter2—Phoneticstudies
5)Chapter2—Phonologicalstudies
6)Chapter3—WordandFormation
7)Chapter3—Word/lexicalchanges
8)Chapter4—Syntacticrelation,construction,andfunction
9)Chapter4—Grammaticalcategories,phrasingandbeyond
10)Chapter5—Meaningandsenserelation
11)Chapter5—Meaninganalyses
12)Chapter8—Pragmatics
(1)
13)Chapter8—Pragmatics
(2)--Post-Griceandevelopments
14)Chapter11—Linguisticsandforeignlanguageteaching
15)Summary
Lecture1
GeneralIntroduction:
ModernLinguisticsandEarlierLinguisticStudies
Inthislecture,weshallmakeageneralintroductiontothedevelopmentofmodernlinguisticsandthelinguisticstudiesbeforethat.Thestudentswillgetageneralview/pictureofthedevelopments,themainlinguisticschools,andtheirstudiesthroughattendingthislecture.
1.Leadingin:
Whatdoesyourminddomostofthetime?
Orwhatdoyoudomostofthetimeinyourlifeincludingthedreamingtimewhenyousleep?
Whatisyourmajor?
WhatisEnglish?
Languageiswhatyouusemostofthetimeinyourlifeandisalsoyourmajor.Sinceyouarelanguagemajors,verylikelyyouwilluseitforyourfuturework.Whynotlearnaboutitthen?
Whatislanguage?
Whatdoesitcover?
…Thesearethequestionsforlinguistics.
2.ThebeginningofMODERNlinguistics:
1916—
(Q1.Whendidmodernlinguisticsbegin?
)
1)Thefirstmodernlinguisticapproach
a.The“fatherofmodernlinguistics”--FerdinanddeSaussure索绪尔(1857-1913)
(Q2.Whowasthefatherofmodernlinguistics?
)
b.Thefirstmodernlinguisticbook“ACourseonGeneralLinguistics”(1916).《普通语言学教程》Saussure’stwostudentspiecedtheirnotestakenfromattendingtheirteacher’slecturesandgotitpublishedin1916/Englishversionin1959.
(Q3.Whatwasthefirstmodernlinguisticbook?
)
(Q4.Whopublishedit?
)
2)Whyisit“modern”?
Becauseofthescientificviewsandtheresearchmethodsintroducedinthisbook.Eg.Languageisasystemofsigns.Languagehasasoundsystemandameaningsystem.Languagehasassociativerelationandparadigmaticrelation.
(Q5.Inwhatsenseisitcalleda“modern”linguisticbook?
)
3.WhathappenedbeforeSaussure?
Sometraditionalapproachestolanguage—therearethreesuccessivephasesbeforeSaussure’stime
(Q6.Whoweretheearliestscholarsoflanguage?
Whatdidtheystudy?
)
1)TheGreekresearchersandtheirstudies--“TraditionalGrammar”wasinstituted;
Basedonlogic;
Aimingsolelyatprovidingrules;
Distinguishingcorrectfromincorrectforms;
Classicstudy,philosophical,logical,meaning.
(Q7.WhatwerestudiedaboutlanguageduringtheMiddleAges?
)
2)TheresearchesduringtheMiddleAges--Philosophy
Alexandria,the“philosophical”school,religious,literary,linguistic;
Linguisticstructureisnotthecentralconcern,butmeaningis;
Seekingprimarilytoestablish,interpretandcommentupontexts;
Applyingthemethodofcriticism;
Comparisonoftextsofdifferentperiodsandofdifferentwriters;
Data—writtenlanguage,exclusivelyGreek&Romanantiquity
Prescriptivegrammar;
Pavedthewayforhistoricallinguistics.
(Q8.Whatwerethetwoestablishmentsinthe19thcentury?
)
3)Linguisticresearchesduring1800-1900--“Comparativegrammar”
a.Theestablishmentoflinguisticfamilytrees—
TheIndo-EuropeanFamilyTree印欧语系
TheSino-TibetanFamilyTree汉藏语系,etc
*In1816,“TheSanskritConjugation(动词变位)System”byFranzBoppwasastudyoftheconnectionsbetweenSanskrit(梵文),Germanic,Greek,Latin,andotherEuropeanlanguages.TheprimitiveelementsthatSanskritmaintainedarevitalforthepurposesofreconstructionofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.
b.TheestablishmentoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)国际音标andthepublicationin1888,basedonFrenchteachers’practiceofteachingLatinandsomeotherrelatedlanguages.
Laterrepresentatives—MaxMüller,G.Curtius,A.Schleicher;
Historicalandcomparative,etymological(语源学的);
Comparativistschoolwasthedominatingstudyofthetime.
3.Whatdoesmodernlinguisticscover?
1)Saussureandhisstudy:
thefirststructuralistapproach
2)PragueSchool布拉格学派
Theleadingfigure—V.Mathesius马泰休斯(1882-1946);
Flourishedduring1920s-30s;
Mainstreamstructuralism;synchronic;
Approachlanguagestructurallyandfunctionally—form-functionalapproach;
FollowedbothPolishB.deCourtenay(库尔特内)andSwissF.deSaussure;
Firstfunctionalist;
FoundedtheInternationalFunctionalLinguisticAssociation1976;
Distinguishedcontributions:
a)Establishedthetheoryofphonology;distinguishedbetweenphoneticsandphonology;developedphonologyasanindependentstudyin1939;
b)Mathesius’functionalanalysisofsentencecomponents—veryclosetothepresentdivisionofgiven/newortheme/rheme,functionalsyntacticanalysis.
3)AmericanStructuralism/Alsocalleddescriptivelinguistics美国结构主义/美国描写语言学
DevelopedindependentlyfromtheanthropologicalstudiesbyAmericanscholarssuchasBoas,Sapir,etc.;
Therepresentativefigure—LeonardBloomfield布龙菲尔德(1887-1946),hisLanguage《语言论》(1933);
Flourishedduring1930s-1950s;
Structuralandbehavioral;
Majorfocus—syntacticanalysis;
Contribution—ICanalysis(immediateconstituentanalysis)
4)TheChomskianapproach
Theleadingfigure—NoamChomsky乔姆斯基(1928--);
Influentialduring1960s-1980s;
Formalapproach,deepstructure/surfacestructure;NPVP;
Psychological;wewerebornwithLAD(languageacquisitiondevice);
Innateness;
Majorfocus—syntax;
Contributions—a.PhraseStructureTheory;
b.Transformational-GenerativeGrammar.
5)LondonSchool伦敦学派
Leadingfigures:
a.Malinowsky马林诺夫斯基(1884-1942)—anthropologist;
b.Firth弗斯(1890-1960)the1stprofessorofGeneralLinguisticsinGreatBritain;
c.M.A.K.Halliday韩礼德(1925--)Systemic-FunctionalGrammar;
Influentialfromthe1980s;
Functionalapproachandanthropological;
Majorfocus—meaninginsocietyandfunctionalgrammar;
Contribution—functionalanalysis
6)CognitiveLinguistics:
anewperspectiveonhowlanguageisused;howweviewtheworldandexpressitinlanguage;howlanguagetellsdifferentcognitionofthesameworldinwhichhumanbeingslive.
Leadingfigures:
R.Langacker兰盖克;G.Lakoff拉可夫;
M.A.K.Halliday(partly);
N.Chomsky(partly)
7)ComputationalLinguistics:
abranchoflinguisticsabouthowtoteachcomputertoreceive,comprehend,produceandtranslatenaturallanguages.Itreflectshumanambition.
4.Homework:
1)Gooverthequestionsdiscussed.
2)Preview1.1--1.5ofChapter1.
3)Whatislanguagedefinedbydifferentpeople?
Whatislinguistics?
Howdoesasoundcometohavemeaning?
Lecture2
DesignFeatures,OriginandFunctionsofLanguage
Inthissection,weshallmainlydiscusssomeimportantfeaturesandfunctionsoflanguage.Aswidelydiscussed,therearefourfeaturesandsevenmainfunctions.
(Q9.Whatislinguistics?
p14.Whatislanguage?
p3.)
1.Checkstudents’homeworkorallyinclass;askthemtogivesomepresentation;offerthemsomedifferentdefinitions(cf.EssentialsofLinguisticspp.1&14);underlinethekeywordsinthedefinitions;explainthemonebyonewithexamplesfromEnglishandChinesetofacilitatetheirunderstandingandmemorizing.
1)“Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.---
Itisasystemsincelinguisticelementsarearrangedsystematicallyratherthanrandomly.Itisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenawordandtheobjectitrefersto.Itissymbolicbecausewordsareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.Itisvocalbecausesoundorspeechistheprimarymediumforahumanlanguage.Itishumaninthatnootheranimalspossesssuchlanguage.”
2)“Modernlinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.---
Itstudiestherulesandprincipleswhereuponhuman
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