论文 英汉习语的文化差异与翻译.docx
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论文 英汉习语的文化差异与翻译.docx
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论文英汉习语的文化差异与翻译
学士学位论文
题目英汉习语的文化差异与翻译
学生史伟
指导教师胡振伟讲师
年级2006级
班级专升本三班
学号0603150319
专业英语
学院外语学院
长春师范学院
2010年5月
英汉习语的文化差异与翻译
史伟
摘要:
习语是人类语言文化的结晶,共翻译更是引起了翻译界的普遍关注。
习语来源于各种不同的文化创迨之中,它负载了很多文化内涵。
它们能够直接而深刻地反映出不同语言的文化因素。
英语和汉语走当今世界上两种拥有最多伎用孝的语言,二孝都拥有大量的习语。
对英汉习语中文化因素的误解常常迨戍英汊跨文化交际的失败。
因此对比研究英汉刁语中的文化因素意义深远。
对比研究走进行语言文化研究的重要方法之一。
近几十年来,英汉对比研究在我圉获得了长足的发展。
虽然一些学者进行过英汉习语对比研究,但是由于习语中的文化因素的复杂性,还有必要从文化角庋对英汉习语进行更多的研宪。
本论文的目的就是进行英汉习语文化差异的对比研究以及翻译。
本文对英汉习语中的文化因素的对比研究揭示了这样一个事实,要掌握两种语言,必须掌握两种文化。
除了引论和结尾,论文划分为三章。
首先,作者明确了英汉习语的定义和种类。
紧接着的第二章从文化角庋对英汉习语进行对比分析,作者分别从不同的居住环境、不同的历史典故、不同的宗教信仰和不同的传统文化方面研究英汉习语的差畀。
第三章是翻译理论的学习及其在实践中的应用,介绍了诸如:
直译、意译、苴译加意译等翻译方法。
作孝希望通过对习语的对比研究激发学生对翻译的热情,提高学生的翻译能力,培养大家的跨文化意识,最终服务于英语教学,取得更好的教学效果。
关键词:
英汉习语习语翻译对比研究
Contents
Introduction1
I.DefinitionofChineseandEnglishIdioms2
1.1DefinitionofChineseidiom2
1.2DefinitionofEnglishidiom3
1.3.1Setphrases3
1.3.2Commonsayings4
1.3.3Proverbs4
1.3.4Two-partallegoricalsayings4
1.3.5Vulgarexpressions5
1.4ClassificationsofEnglishidioms5
1.4.1Idiomaticexpressions5
1.4.2Proverbs5
1.4.3Slangs……………………………………………..................................6
II.CulturalSimilaritiesanddifferencesinEnglishandChineseIdioms7
2.1CulturalSimilaritiesinEngishandChineseIdioms7
2.2CulturalDifferencesinEnglishandChineseIdioms8
2.2.1DifferencesRootedinGeographicalConditions8
2.2.2DifferencesRootedinSocialCustoms8
2.2.3DifferencesRootedinReligiousBeliefs8
2.2.4DifferencesRootedinHistoricalandLiterayallusions...........................9
III.TranslatingMethodsofEnglishandChineseIdioms10
3.1Literaltranslation10
3.1.1LiteraItranslationexamplesofsetphases:
10
3.1.2Literaltranslationexamplesofcommonsayings:
10
3.1.3LiteraItranslationexamplesofproverbs:
11
3.2Liberaltranslation............................................................................................11
3.2.1Two-partallegoricalsayings'translation11
3.2.2Idiomoriginatedfromhistoricalevents,fables,etc...............................12
3.2.3Idiomwithdimimages12
3.3Combinationofliteralandliberaltranslation13
Conclusion14
References15
Introduction
Cultureandlanguagedependoneachotherforexistence.Itisimpossibletotranslateaforeignlanguagetextwithouttakingintoaccountthecultureitembodies.Inthissense,translationbecomesaculturalexchangeasacross.linguistic,cross,culturalandcross.socialcommunicativeactivity.
Idioms,formedinaparticularperiodandpassedonfromgenerationtogeneration,reflectvariousculturalelements.Theyarecomparativelyfixedinmattersofmeaningandstructure,thatis,themeaningofidiomcannotbedeterminedbythemeaningsofitswords,Toletthewholepeoplebefamiliarwithothernations,cultures,itisreallyvaluabletotranslatevariousidiomsintodifferentlanguages.However,idiomisdifficulttotranslateinthatitisofpeculiarculturaloriginandthereforereflectsclearlynationalorculturalcharacteristics.Itisimpossibleforthetranslatorstoavoidculturalelementsinidiomtranslation.ChineseandEnglishbelongtodiferentlanguagefamilies.Althoughtheysharemanythingsinculture,eachlanguagehasitsownspecifcculturalproperty.TherearesomesimilaritiesbetweenEnglishandChinesecultures,whichmakeidiomtranslationpossibleandeasy.However,thereismoredissimilaritybetweentheChinesecultureandtheEnglishculturethansimilarities.Accurateunderstandingandpropertranslationofidiomisthekeytothebreakthroughofbarriersininterculturalcommunication.Thispapertriestoanalyzeidiomsfromtheperspectiveofcultural,translationwiththepurposeofillustratinghowculturalfactorsinfluencethetranslationandcomprehensionofidioms,andexploringeffectiveprinciplesandstrategiesofidiomtranslation.
.DefinitionofChineseandEnglishIdioms
Idioms,conventionalizedmultiwordexpression,existasasub-groupofvocabulary.Refinedandacceptedbylongusage,idiomshavebeendescribedasthecrystallizationoflanguage.Idioms,astheessenceoflanguage,arefrequentlyusedinliteraryworksandourdai1ylife。
NevertheIess,itisnoeasyjobtogiveaclear-cutdefinitiontoit.
1.1DefinitionofChineseidiom
AccordingtotheChinesedictionaries:
《现代汉语词典》(ModernChineseDictionary)byCommercialPressand《新华词典》(xinhuaDictionary)byCommercialPress,AChineseidiom,whichiscalled习语,isdescribedas"afixedphrase,canOnlybeusedasawholeunit,noelementinitcanbechangedatrandom,andusuallycan'tbeanalyzedbyordinaryregularword¨formation."
Chineseidiomisnewlydescribedas"aChineseidiom,constitutedbywords,re1ativelyfixedinstructure,isanarrative1anguageunitwhichcanperformamultiplefunctions."
Bothdefinitionsstresstwofeaturesthatanidiommanifests.First,anidiommustbeusedasawho1eunit,andthephrasehasnomeaningbyitsindividualwords,like不管三七二十一,胡说八道etc.Second,noelementinanidiomcanbechangedatrandom.Forexample,wecanon1ysay垂头丧气,butnot低头丧气though“垂”and“低”hasthesamemeaning;八九不离十,not七八不离九.Third,intermsofgrammaticalfunction,bothanidiomandawordcanserveaspartsofasentence,whileanidiomcanbeusedasanindependentsentenceandfrequent1yquotedin
differentcontexts.
1.2DefinitionofEnglishidiom
AccordingtothelatestWebster'sNewWorldCollegeDictionary,thethirdedition,''idiom''is''aphrase,constructionorexpressionthatisrecognizedasaunitintheusageofagivenlanguageandeitherdiffersfromtheusualsyntacticpatternsorhasameaningthatdiffersfromliteralmeaningofitsparttakentogether.''InCambridgeAdvancedLearner'sDictionargidiomis''agroupofwordsinaf1xedorderthathaveaparticularmeaningthatisdifferentfromthemeaningofeachwordunderstoodonitsown'''Longmangivessuchadefnition:
''agroupofwordswithaspecialmeaningwhichisdifferentfromthemeaningoftheindividualwords.''Oxforddefinesidiomasfollows:
"phraseorsentencewhosemeaningisnotclearfromthemeaningofitsindividualwordsandwhichmustbelearntasawholeunit.''
Amongalloftheseexplanations,thefirstoneisthecommonestandthemostpopularmeaningoftheword,'idiom''.Fromtheabovedefinition,wecanseethatthemeaningofanidiomcannotbeunderstoodonlybyitsindividualwords,butbyawholeunit.
1.3ClassificationsofChineseIdioms
IdiominChinese,inthebroadsense,canberoughlyc1assifedintosetphrases,commonsayings,proverbs,two-partallegoricalsayingsandvulgarexpressions.
1.3.1Setphrases
Setphrases,whosestorehouseseemstobeinexhaustible,playanimportantroleinourmothertongue.Generallyspeaking,aChinesesetphraseisa''wellestab1ishedf1xedphraseorshortsentencewithtersesty1eandpithymeaninghabituallyusedbypeop1eforalongtime''.Chinesesetphrasesare''phraseswith2p1us2patternwithdescriptiveorinformativefmction.''(Wen2005:
290).Fromtheabovedefnition,itisclearthatfour—characterwithtwo-meterinpoetryformisessentialattributeofchinesesetphrases,whichdistinguishesChinesesetphrasesfromothertypesofChineseidioms,suchasproverbscommonsayingsorallegoricalsayings.Chinesesetphrasesmaypossessthreefeatures:
comprehensiveness,c1assicandfusion。
Suchastheidiom“倾盆大雨”,referringtorainingcatsanddogsorrainingheavilywhichisusedtodescribetheimageofraininginfigurativelanguage.Theidiom“卧薪尝胆”meanstosleeponbrush-woodandtastegalltoundergoself-imposedhardshipssoastostrengthenone'sresolvetowipeoutanationalhumiliation.Thephrase“胸有成竹”meanstohavebamboosinone'schest,implyingtohavehadreadyplansordesigninone'smild.
1.3.2Commonsayings
Chinesecommonsaying,widelyusedinthecolloquial1anguage.Mostofthem
arecreatedbyworkingpeop1eandreflecttheir1ifeexperiencesandwishes.Commonsayingsare"Non-four-character,non-informativeexpressions1ikeproverbs,anidiomaticalunitwhichhasdescriptivefunction".
Thecommonsaying"老油条"referringtoanolddeep-friedtwisteddoughsticks,isoftenusedtodescribeahard-boiledslipperyperson.Theidiom‘‘不管三七二十一”whichmeanstoconsidernothingatall,isoneoftheconventionalcases.
1.3.3Proverbs
Chineseproverbisastockexpression,too.Chineseproverb,widesρreadamongordinaryρeople,isconclse,fixedphraseorsentenceinwhichaprofoundtruthisimpliedbysimρleandinformallanguage.Anappropriateuseofproverbswilladdtothevarietyandforceoflanguage.Theproverb“看菜吃饭,量体裁衣”,istoteachustoactaccordingtocircumstances.
1.3.4Two-partallegoricalsayings
Two-parta11egoricalsayingisaspecialkindofidiomswhichisuniquetoChinesewithoutanycounterpartinanyotherlanguages,whichiscomposedoftwopartswiththefirstpartlikeariddleandtheotherpartlikeananswertotheridd1e。
Usuallyonlythefrstρartwillbespoken,theactualmeaning1iesinthesecondpart.Butnowitisquitecommontostateboththeformerand1atterparts.Asitcontainsananalogy,thea11egoricalsayingisthenvividandfullofimagery.AllegoricalsayingsdisplaythemostsalientfeatureofcolloquialismamongChineseidioms.Thefollowingareseveralexamp1esofallegoricalsayings:
和尚打伞一无发(法)无天Whenamonkopensanumbrella,thereisneitherhair(law)norsky---todenyalllaws,humananddivine;tobecomecompletelylawless.
泥菩萨过江——自身难保Likeaclayidolfordingariverowhoishardlyabletosaveoneself,letaloneanyonee1se.
1.3.5Vulgarexpressions
Theyareonlyusedinco11oquialspeech.Theyareusedsofrequentthatmostofthemdonothavetheirorigina1rneaninganymore.People'sattentionhasbeenpaidtotheirroughimages.Beloware
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