初三中考热点难点考题阅读理解之说明文.docx

初三中考热点难点考题阅读理解之说明文.docx

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初三中考热点难点考题阅读理解之说明文

2021年初三中考热点难点考题

重难点09阅读理解之说明文

【命题趋势】

中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断能力。

要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能做出正确判断，然后根据试题的要求从A,B,C,D四个选项中选出最佳答案或做出正误判断。

文章的难易程度和初三课文基本相同，要求阅读速度为每分钟40-50个词。

主要涉及到记叙文，说明文，应用文等。

【满分技巧】

1.主旨题

解题技巧为：

找主题句。

应先通读全文，理解大意，充分理解主题句的意义。

主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。

2.细节题

解题技巧为：

快速捕捉信息，尤其是一些事例、数字等，划出相关句子，进行对照。

3.推断题

解题技巧为：

寻找线索，悟出字里行间的意思。

4.猜测词义题

解题技巧为：

通过阅读上下文，断定该词的真正含义。

【热点话题】

说明文热衷话题有：

旅游、环保、广告类等。

A（2020·扬州中学教育集团树人学校中考三模）

Manypeoplebelievetheglare（刺眼的光）fromsnowcausessnowblindness.Yet,withdarkglassesornot,theyfindthemselvessufferingfromheadachesandwateringeyes,andevensnowblindnesswhenstayinginsnowlightforseveralhours.

TheUnitedStatesarmyhasnowdiscoveredthatglarefromsnowdoesnotcausesnowblindnessintroops（军队）inasnow-coveredcountry.Infact,aman’seyesoftenfindnothingtofocusoninabroadspaceofsnow-coveredland.Sohiseyeskeepmovingoverthewholelandscapeinsearchofsomethingtolookat.Findingsomething,hourafterhour,theeyesneverstopsearchingandtheeyeballsbecometiredandtheeyemusclesache.Naturemakesupforthisdiscomfortbyproducingmoreandmorefluid（液体）whichcoverstheeyeball.Thefluidcoverstheeyeballmoreandmoreuntilitmakeseyesdifficulttoseeclearly,andtheresultiscompletelysnowblindness,eventhoughforashorttime.

Experimentsledthearmytoasimplemethodofsolvingthisproblem.Scouts（侦察员）aheadofthetroopsaretrainedtoshakesnowfromevergreenbushes,creatingadottedlineastheycrosscompletelysnow-coveredlandscape.Eventhescoutsthemselvesthrowlightweight,dark-coloredobjectsaheadwhichtheycanlookat,too.Themenfollowingcanthenseesomething.Theireyesfocusonabushandhavingfoundsomethingtolookat,stopsearchingthesnow-blanketedlandscape.Byfocusingtheirattentionononeobjectatatime,themencancrossthesnowwithoutbecominghopelesslysnow-blindorlost.Inthiswaytheproblemofcrossingacontinuouswhitelandissolved.

42．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A．Thewhitenessfromsnow.B．Snowlightandsnowblindness

C．TheneedfordarkglassesD．Headachesandwateringeyes

43．Snow-blindnesscanbeavoided___________.

A．bywalkingaheadandkeeplookingaround

B．bymakingupforthediscomfortofone’seyes

C．bycoveringtheeyeballswithmoreandmoretears

D．byprovidingtheeyeswithsomethingtolookat

44．Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?

A．Snow-blindness:

whatitisandwhomitinfluences

B．Snow-blindness:

whatitisandhownaturehelps

C．Snow-blindness:

howitformsandhowtosolveit

D．Snow-blindness:

howitformsandwhomithurts

45．Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A．Solvingtheproblemofsnow-blindnessisimportantinarmy

B．Snow-blindnesswasonceabigproblembutcouldbecuredeasily

C．Theglarefromsnowisconsideredasthemaincauseofsnow-blindness

D．Armiesaroundtheworldpayattentiontotheproblemsofsnow-blindness

B（2020·南京市鼓楼区中考二模）

BacteriaCafeteria

Everyday,peopleuseteethtocut,tear,andchewfood.Theyeatmostofthefood.Butbitsoffoodsticktotheirteeth.People'smouthsarefilledwithbacteria（细菌）.Theyeatthebitsoffood.Thebacteriaincreaseandbuildupontheteeth.Andtheycanquicklyformacoatingcalledplaque（牙斑）.

Thebacteriaintheplaqueproduceacid（酸）.Moreacidiscreatedwhensomeoneeatsfoodwhichhassugarorstarch.Candyandcookiearesugaryfoods.Potatochipshavestarch.Theacidfromthebacteriagoestoworkontheteeth.Eachtoothhasaprotectivecoveringcalledenamel（釉质）.It'sthehardestmaterialinthebody.Buttheacidisstrongenoughtoeatthroughtheenamel.Thiscreatestoothdecay（蛀蚀）.

Next,theacidcanworkitswayinsidethetooth.Undertheenamelissoftermaterialcalleddentine.Acidquicklyeatsthroughthedentine,creatingaholecalledacavity.Thentheacidcanreachthepulp（髓）insidethedentine.Thepulphasbloodvessels（血管）thatfeedthetooth.Italsohasnerves（神经）.Whenthenervesgethurt,apersonmayfeelatoothache.

Adentistshouldfixtoothdecay.Bodiescanrepairbrokenbonesbutnotdecayedteeth.That'sbecauseenamelanddentinearen'tlivingthings.Dentistscleanoutthedecayandfillthespacewithstrongmaterial.

Buttoothdecayshouldbepreventedinthefirstplace.Peopleshouldvisitthedentisttwiceayear.Dentistscleanandexaminetheteeth.Theycantreatanytoothproblemsearly.Peopleshouldalsotakecareoftheirownteeth.Toremovebitsoffood,bacteria,andacid,peopleshouldcleanthembetweentheirteethatleastonceaday.Theyshouldalsobrushtheirteethatleasttwiceaday—evenwhentheydon'tfeellikeit!

36．Whatisthepurposeofthearticle?

A．Toexplainhowbacteriawork.B．Togiveatalkontoothhealth.

C．Toadvertiseforadentisthospital.D．Toremindpeopletocareabouttoothhealth.

37．Whatdoesaciddo?

A．Itmakesteethstronger.B．Iteatsthroughtoothenamel.

C．Itproducesbacteriainthemouth.D．Itcleanstheteethandprotectsthem.

38．WhatisacavityinParagraph3?

A．Aholeinthetooth.B．Aprotectivecovering.

C．Avesselinthepulp.D．Anerveinsidethetooth.

39．Whycan'tyourbodyrepairdecayedteeth?

A．Thenervesarebadlyhurt.B．Cavitiesaretoohardtofix.

C．Enamelanddentinearen'tlivingthings.D．Theacideatsthroughthedentine.

40．Whatdoesthetitle"BacteriaCafeteria"mean?

A．Bacteriaandcafeteriarhymewitheachother.

B．Acafeteriaservesfood,andyoueatfoodthere.

C．Yourmouthislikeacafeteriawherebacteriacangrow.

D．Youeatinacafeteria,andithasalotofbacteriagrowingthere.

C（2020·南通市启东市中考三模）

Ifyoucouldbeanybodyintheworld,whowoulditbe？

Yourneighbororasuperstar？

Afewpeoplehaveexperiencedwhatitmightbeliketostepintotheskinofanotherperson，thankstoanunusualvirtualreality（虚拟现实）equipment.RikkeWahl，anactress，modelandartist,wasoneoftheparticipants（参与者）inabodyswappingexperimentattheBeAnotherlab，aprojectdevelopedbyagroupofartistsbasedinBarcelona.Sheswappedwithherpartner，anactor,usingamachinecalledTheMachinetoBeAnotherandtemporarily（astingonlyforashorttime）becameaman."AsIlookeddown,Isawmywholebodyasaman,dressedinmypartner'spants，"shesaid."That'sthepictureIrememberbest."

Theequipmentisrelativelysimple.Bothuserswearavitualrealityheadsetwithacameraonthetop.Thevideofromeachcameraissenttotheotherperson，sowhatyouseeistheexactviewofyourpartner.Ifshemovesherarm,youseeit.Ifyoumoveyourarm,sheseesit.

Togetusedtoseeinganotherperson'sbodywithoutactuallyhavingcontrolofit，participantsstartbyraisingtheirarmsandlegsveryslowly,sothattheothercanfollowalong.Finall,thiskindofslowsynchronised（同步的）movementbecomescomfortable,andparticipantsreallystarttofeelasthoughtheyarelivinginanotherperson'sbody.

Byusingsuchtechnologyitislikelytochangepeople'sbehaviourafterwards—possiblyforthebetter.Studieshaveshownthatvirtualrealitycanbeeffectiveinfightingracism（种族主义）——thebias（偏见）thathumanshaveagainstthosewhodon'tlookorsoundlikethem.ResearchersattheUniversityofBarcelonagavetheparticipantsaquestionnairetestcalledtheImplicitAssociationTest,whichmeasures（衡量）thestrengthofpeople'sassociationsbetweenblackpeopleandadjectivessuchasgoodorbad,athleticorawkward（笨拙的）.Thentheyaskedtheparticipantstocontrolthebodyofadarkskinneddigitalcharacterusingvirtualrealityglasses.Afterthat，theparticipantstookthequestionnairetestonceagain.Thistime，theparticipants'biasscoreswerelower.Sotheideaisthatonceyou've"putyourselfinanother'sshoes"，you'relesslikelytothinkillofthem,becauseyourbrainhasexperiencedthefeelingofbeingthatperson.

Thecreatorsof"TheMachinetoBeAnother"hopetoachieveasimilarresult."Attheendofbodyswapping,peoplefeellikeholdingeachotherintheirarms，"saysArthurPointeau,aprogrammerwiththeproject."It'sareallynicewaytohavethiskindofexperience.Iwouldreallyrecommendittoeveryone."

34．Theunderlinedword"swapping"inparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto"________".

A．buildingB．exchangingC．controllingD．producing

35．WecaninferfromtheexperimentattheBeAnotherlabthat________.

A．participantswilllivemoreenthusiastically（热情）aftertheexperiment

B．wecanlearntotakecontrolofotherpeople'sbodies

C．ourfeelingsarerelatedtoourbodilyexperience

D．TheMachinetoBeAnothercanhelppeoplechangetheirsexes

36．IntheImplicitAssociationTest,beforetheparticipantsusedvitualrealityglassestocontroladarkskinneddigitalcharacter，________.

A．theyfoughtmorestronglyagainstracism

B．theyscoredloweronthetestforracism

C．theychangedtheirbehaviorgreatly

D．theyhadstrongerracismagainstthoseunlikethem

D（2020·盐城市盐城中学中考三模）

Whatistheoldestdrinkintheworld?

Theanswermightbetea.Thousandsofyearsago,Chinesepeoplemadethisspecialdrink.Today,itispartofpeople’sdailylivesnotonlyinChina,butalsointherestoftheworld.

In2019,theUnitedNationsannouncedMay21tobeInternationalTeaDay.Thepurposeistoremindpeopleoftea’svalue.

Theculturalvalueofteaisinoldtraditionsanddailyhabits.InChina,peopleusebest-qualityteawhenreceivingimportantguests.Britishpeoplearewell-knownfortheirafternoontea,whileinRussia,thebeautifulteapothasbecomeasymbolofRussianculture.

Themorepeoplekeepdrinkingteaasahabitandtradition,themoreeconomically（在经济上）importantteabecomes.AccordingtoXinhua,Chinacomesfirstintheworldintotaltea-planting