高考英语提分单元加餐练全国通用版全解析单元加餐练51.docx
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高考英语提分单元加餐练全国通用版全解析单元加餐练51.docx
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高考英语提分单元加餐练全国通用版全解析单元加餐练51
单元加餐练
Ⅰ.完形填空
Doyouthinkyouhavewhatittakestobeasuccessfulscientist?
Asuccessfulscientistisgenerallyagoodobserver.Hemakesfull__1__ofthefactsheobserves.Hedoesn'tacceptideaswhicharenot__2__onobviousfacts,andtherefore__3__toacceptauthorityastheonlyreasonfortruth.Healwayschecksideas__4__andmakesexperimentstoprovethem.
Theriseof__5__sciencemayperhapsbeconsideredto__6__asfarbackasthe__7__ofRogerBacon,thewonderfulphilosopherofOxford,wholived__8__theyears1214and1292.HewasprobablythefirstintheMiddleAgestosuggestthatwemustlearnscience__9__observingandexperimentingonthethingsaroundus,andhehimself__10__manyimportanttruths.
Galileo(15641642),however,wholivedmorethan300yearslater,wasthegreatestofseveralgreatmeninItaly,France,Germany,andEngland,__11__begantoshowhowmanyimportant__12__couldbediscoveredbyobservationbydegrees.BeforeGalileo,learnedmenbelievedthatlargebodiesfellmore__13__towardstheearththansmallones,__14__Aristotlesaidso.ButGalileo,goingtothe__15__oftheLeaningTowerofPisa,letfalltwo__16__stonesandprovedAristotlewaswrong.ItwasGalileo's__17__ofgoingdirecttoNature,andprovingour__18__andtheoriesbyexperiment,thathasledtoallthediscoveriesofmodernscience.
What__19__thosepeoplegoodscientists?
FromtheexampleofGalileo,weknowitclearlythatsuccessfulscientistsarethosewhoseobservationshave__20__betterresults.
篇章导读:
本文是一篇议论文。
作者通过实例阐明自己的观点:
一个科学家应该是一个很好的观察者,不能盲目相信他人,应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。
1.A.useB.time
C.speedD.trust
答案:
A 根据语境可知,此处是makeuseof“利用,使用”这一固定词组。
2.A.reliedB.based
C.insistedD.centered
答案:
B 根据该空前的“Hedoesn'tacceptideas”和后面的“onobviousfacts”可知,此处是bebasedon/upon这个固定词组,表示“以……为基础,基于……”。
3.A.refusesB.desires
C.intendsD.regrets
答案:
A 由空格前面的“doesn'taccept”和“andtherefore”可知,此处应选refuses,表示“拒绝”。
4.A.casuallyB.carefully
C.quicklyD.secretly
答案:
B 结合语境“Healwayschecksideas”和后面的“makesexperimentstoprovethem”可知,此处表示仔细地核查那些观点。
5.A.naturalB.physical
C.ancientD.modern
答案:
D 根据下一段的最后一句话中的“thathasledtoallthediscoveriesofmodernscience”可知,此处表示modernscience“现代科学”的兴起。
6.A.dateB.keep
C.lookD.come
答案:
A 由下文的“theyears1214and1292”可知,现代科学的兴起可以追溯到很早的时期。
dateback是一个固定词组,意为“追溯到”。
7.A.studyB.time
C.yearD.birth
答案:
B 结合空格后面的“theyears1214and1292”可知,此处表示罗杰·培根那个时代。
time这里指“时代,年代”。
8.A.bothB.each
C.betweenD.among
答案:
C 根据空格后面的“theyears1214and1292”可知,此处应选between与and连用,表示“在……和……之间”。
9.A.inB.with
C.onD.by
答案:
D 根据后面的“observingandexperimentingonthethingsaroundus”可知,此处表示通过(by)观察我们周围的事情并做实验,因此选by。
10.A.broughtB.discovered
C.tookD.gave
答案:
B 结合空格后面的“manyimportanttruths”可知,他本人发现(discovered)了很多重要的真理。
11.A.whoB.when
C.thatD.where
答案:
A 结合空格前面的“wasthegreatestofseveralgreatmen”可知,先行词是men,故用who引导定语从句。
12.A.truthsB.problems
C.peopleD.subjects
答案:
A 由空后的“couldbediscoveredbyobservation”及上文第10空所在句子可知,很多真理可以通过观察得到发现。
truth“事实,真理”。
13.A.slowlyB.rapidly
C.lightlyD.heavily
答案:
B 结合空格前面的“largebodiesfellmore”和后面的“towardstheearththansmallones”可知,在Galileo之前,学者们认为重的物体比轻的物体自由落体的速度更快,因此选rapidly“迅速地”。
14.A.althoughB.because
C.whenD.if
答案:
B 根据“Aristotlesaidso”的意思可知,这里表示因为(because)亚里士多德是这样说的。
15.A.placeB.foot
C.topD.ceiling
答案:
C 结合空格后面的“oftheLeaningTowerofPisa,letfalltwo__16__stones”可知,伽利略跑到了比萨斜塔的塔顶。
16.A.bigB.small
C.equalD.unequal
答案:
D 由第13空中的关键信息“largebodies”和“smallones”可知,此处表示使用了两个不同重量的石头,因此选unequal“不相等的”。
17.A.spiritB.skill
C.theoryD.discovery
答案:
A 由后面的“ofgoingdirecttoNature”可知,此处表示探索自然的精神(spirit)。
18.A.plansB.opinions
C.worldD.ability
答案:
B 与后面的“andtheoriesbyexperiment”中的theories呼应,此处表示通过实验证明我们的观点(opinions)和理论。
19.A.makesB.prevents
C.considersD.promises
答案:
A 由下文中的“arethosewhoseobservationshave__20__betterresults”可知,此处是说“什么使这些人成为好的科学家”。
make“使……变成”符合句意。
20.A.foreseenB.rejected
C.producedD.challenged
答案:
C 结合上文中所举的例子可知,观察已经产生(produced)了更好的结果。
Ⅱ.阅读理解
A
AlbertEinsteinhadagreateffectonscienceandhistory,andhisachievementwasevengreaterthanonlyafewothergreatscientistshaveachieved.AnAmericanuniversitypresidentoncesaidthatEinsteinhadmadeanewoutlook,anewviewoftheuniverse.Itmaybesometimebeforetheaveragemindunderstandsfullytheidentity(特性)oftimeandspaceandsoon—butevenordinarymennowunderstandthattheuniverseissomethinglargerthaneverthoughtbefore.
By1914youngEinsteinhadbeenworldfamous.HeacceptedtheoffertobecomeaprofessoratthePrussianAcademyofScienceinBerlin.Hehadfewduties,littleteachingandunlimitedchancesforstudy,butsoonhispeaceandquietnesswerebrokenbyWorldWarⅠ.
Einsteinhatedfightingandkilling.Thegreatsufferingofwaraffectedhimdeeply,andhesatunhappilyinhisofficedoinglittle.Helostinterestinhisresearch.Onlywhenpeacecamein1918washeabletogetbacktowork.
IntheyearfollowingWorldWarI,honourswereincreasinglyputonhim.HebecameheadoftheKaiserWhihemInstituteofTheoreticalPhysics.Buthehimselfrefusedtheefforttoputhiminapositionfaraboveotherpeople.Hewaswellknownforhishumble(谦逊的)manner.Heoftensaidthathissuccesswouldcertainlyhavebeenachievedbyothersifhehadneverlived.
In1921hewontheNobelPrize,andhewashonouredinGermanyuntiltheriseofNazism(纳粹)whenhewasdrivenfromGermanybecausehewasaJew.
篇章导读:
本文是一篇人物传记。
文章简要介绍了著名科学家爱因斯坦的事迹,及其对科学和历史产生的巨大影响及其重大贡献。
1.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphis________.
A.thedifficultyofEinstein'sthoughttoothers
B.thefeelingofanAmericanuniversitypresidenttowardsEinstein
C.thedifferencebetweenscienceandhistory
D.thechangeinhumanthoughtproducedbyEinstein
答案:
D 段落大意题。
第一段讲述了爱因斯坦对科学和历史产生了巨大影响,同时也使人们的思想产生了巨大的变化。
2.ItseemstotheAmericanuniversitypresidentthat________.
A.Einsteinachievedmorethananyotherscientistinhistory
B.everybodyunderstandsEinstein'sscientificideas
C.thenewviewoftheuniversecanbequicklylearnedbyeveryone
D.ourideasabouttheuniversearedifferenttodaybecauseofEinstein
答案:
D 推理判断题。
由第一段最后一句可知,爱因斯坦的理论使人们对宇宙的看法发生了转变。
3.Einsteindidhisgreatestwork________.
A.whenNazismrose
B.whenhewasyoung
C.duringWorldWarⅠ
D.afterheleftEurope
答案:
B 推理判断题。
由第三段和最后一段可知爱因斯坦在一战和纳粹时期,几乎没有正常工作,排除A项和C项;本文也没有讲述他离开欧洲以后的科研情况,排除D项;由第二段第一句和最后一段第一句可知,B项所述正确。
4.Fromthepassagewecanknowthat________.
A.Germansusuallyhaveahighrespectforscience
B.Einsteinhadotherinterestsbesidesscience
C.Einsteinwasforcedtoworkagainin1918
D.EinsteinledaquietlifeduringWorldWarⅠ
答案:
A 推理判断题。
由第四段中的第一、三句及最后一段中的“hewashonouredinGermany”可知,德国人民尊敬爱因斯坦,尊敬科学。
B项文中未提及;C、D两项与文意不符。
B
WhenAlfredNobelcreatedtheprizesthatbearhisname,hedecidedthattheybegivenforworkdoneinthepreviousyear.Butithasledtoallkindsoftrouble—asitdidonceagainthismonth,whentheNobelPrizeinMedicineorPhysiologywasawardedtoadeadman.
Itisacomplexstory,onethatcouldnothavebeenforeseenwhenNobel,theSwedishinventor,diedin1896.Butitalltracesbacktohiswill,writtenatatimewheninternationalprizeswereanoriginalidea.
Nobeldidnotsaywhyhewantedtorewardscientistswho“madethemostimportantdiscovery”duringthepreviousyear.OnecanguessthathewantedtorewardpresentdayinnovationandnottogivetombstoneawardstoGalileo,Hippocrates,andotherscientistsfromcenturiespast.
Butwillandscienceoftengotinvolved.Theoneyeartimingprovedimpractical;scientificfindingsgenerallyneedtobetested,sometimesfordecades,beforetheirvalueisappreciated.
PerhapstoavoidtheGalileoproblem,theNobelFoundationdidstateclearlythattheawardbegivenonlytolivingpeople;thatrulewasmadeformalinthe1970s.Buttheruleagainstposthumous(死后的)awardshasnowbeenviolatedseveraltimes—mostrecentlythismonth,whentheprizeinmedicinewasgiventoDrRalphM.Steinman,ascientistatRockefellerUniversity,whodiedthreedaysbeforehiselection.Hisdiscovery,calleddendriticcells(树突细胞),tookplacein1973.
ThefirstposthumouswinnerwasthepoetErikKarlfeldt.Karlfeldthadrefusedhisselectionin1918becausehewasalongtimememberoftheSwedishNobelAcademy.Whenhewasselectedagainin1931,hehaddiedthatApril.
Whathappensifacandidatedies?
TheNobelFoundationmightconsiderchangesatitsnextmeeting.Onepossibilitywouldbetowithhold(阻止)theannouncementofanawarduntilaNobelofficialhearsthewinner'svoiceonthefamousnotificationcalls.
篇章导读:
本文是一篇议论文。
全文论述了诺贝尔奖的评奖规则应做一些变革的原因。
5.WhatdidAlfredNobelcreatetheprizesfor?
A.Tomakehimselfrememberedforever.
B.ToattractinternationalattentiontoSweden.
C.Toencouragecontributionstomankind.
D.Tohonorsomedeadoutstandingdiscoverers.
答案:
C 推理判断题。
根据第三段第一句中的“hewantedtorewardscientistswho‘madethemostimportantdiscovery’”可知,他创立该奖的目的就是鼓励科学发现或重大成就。
6.WhyhastheNobelPrizebroughtabouttrouble?
A.Theoneyeartimingisnotworkable.
B.NobelFoundationtriestobreakhiswill.
C.Nobel'sfortuneisnotwellmanaged.
D.Candidatesarehardtobeselectedworldwide.
答案:
A 细节理解题。
根据第四段第二句“Theoneyeartimingprovedimpractical;scientificfindingsgenerallyneedtobetested,sometimesfordecades,beforetheirvalueisappreciated.”可知以一年为评定时效不可行,故答案为A。
7.WhatdotheexamplesofthescientistRalphM.SteinmanandthepoetErikKarlfeldtsuggest?
A.TheNobelFoundationshouldobeytherules.
B.Somerulesoftheprizecallforreform.
C.TheNobelAcademyfailedtoperformtheirduty.
D.Thewinnershouldliveaverylonglife.
答案:
B 推理判断题。
根据上文可知,诺贝尔奖规定只颁发给健在的科学家,可是这一年的诺贝尔医学奖颁发给了已经去世的RalphM.Steinman,1931年的诺贝
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