08重庆大学博士英语考试试题.docx
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08重庆大学博士英语考试试题.docx
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08重庆大学博士英语考试试题
08重庆大学博士英语考试试题
2008年重庆大学博士入学考试英语试卷
(TimeLimit:
180minutes)
PartI:
ReadingComprehension40%
Directions:
Readthefollowingpassagescarefullyandthenselectthebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgiventoanswerthequestionsortocompletethestatementsthatfolloweachpassage.WriteyouransweronyourAnswerSheet.
PassageOne
Problemsanddiscouragementswillfacetheleader,buthecanovercomethemwithstayingpower.Itseemsasifmanyoftheworld’sfamouspeoplefacedsomeofthegreatestdifficultiesand
discouragementsincarryingouttheirvisions.
ChristopherColumbus,forinstance,concludedfromtheinformationheacquiredfromhistravelsandfromstudyingchartsandmaps,thattheearthwasroundandthathecouldreachAsiabysailingwest.Butheneededapatrontofinancesuchanexpedition.HefirsttriedJohnII.,KingofPortugal,withoutsuccess,andthen,theCountofMedinaCeliinSpain.TheCountencouragedColumbusfortwoyears,butneveractuallyprovidedhimwiththemoneyandsuppliesheneeded.FerdinandandIsabella,KingandQueenofCastileinSpain,werethencontacted.AreviewofColumbus’plansbyacommitteeappointedbythequeenresultedintheconclusionthathisideaswerevainandimpractical.Buttheykepttalking.
Afterabetterpartofadecadeoftryingtofindapatron,Columbuswasindespair,buthedidn’tstop.Hehadstayingpower.Hebelievedinhismission,butheheldoutforhightermsfromFerdinandandIsabella.Heaskedthattherankofadmiralbebestowedonhimrightawayandthathebemadeviceroyofallthatheshoulddiscover.Inaddition,hewouldreceiveone-tenthofallthepreciousmetalsdiscoveredwithinhisadmiralty.Hisconditionswererejectedandnegotiationswereagaininterrupted.ColumbusleftforFrance.However,thequeenhadachangeofmindandsentforhim.InApril,1492,FerdinandandIsabellaagreedtosubsidizetheexpeditiononColumbus’terms.Itwasn’tuntil12,OctoberthattheylandedonNorthAmerica.
ColumbusdidnotvisittheGrandKhanofCathayashehadhoped.Buthediddiscovertwonewcontinents.Hewassuccessfulbecausehehadstayingpower.
1.WhatwastheattitudeofthekingandqueenofCastiletowardColumbus’planofexpedition?
A.Concerned
B.Indifferent
C.Optimistic
D.Disapproval
2.WhofinallypatronizedColumbus?
A.CountofMedianCeli
B.JohnII,KingofPortugal
C.KingandqueenofSpain
D.KingandqueenofCastile
3.Whichofthefollowingstatementswasnotmentionedinthepassage?
A.Columbuswantedtosharewhatheshoulddiscover.
B.Columbusfirmlydemandedthathebethecommanderofthevoyagefleet.
C.ThekingandqueenofCastiledidn’tacceptColumbustermsattheverybeginning.
D.Columbusgotfinancialhelpfromthequeenbecausehegaveuphishighterms.
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4.TheauthortakesthestoryofColumbusasanexampletoshowthat__________.
A.Leadersneedstayingpower.
B.Columbushadenoughstayingpower.
C.Onecan’tdowithoutsayingpower.
D.Stayingpowercannotensuresuccess.
5.Whatdoestheword“vision”inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymean?
A.sight
B.television
C.futureplan
D.imagination
PassageTwo
Thegrowthstrategyisacorporate-levelstrategythatseekstoincreasetheleveloftheorganization’soperations.Thisincludesincreasingsuchpopularquantitativemeasuresassalesrevenues,numberofemployees,andmarketshare.Growthcanbeachievedthroughdirectexpansion,verticalintegration,horizontalintegration,ordiversification.
Growththroughdirectexpansionisachievedbyinternallyincreasingafirm’ssales,
productioncapacity,orworkforce.Nootherfirmsareacquiredormergedwith;instead,thecompanychoosestogrowbyitselfthroughitsownbusinessoperations.Forinstance,McDonald’s
haspursuedagrowthstrategybywayofdirectexpansion.Thecompanyhasgrownbyawardingfranchises(经营许可)topeoplewhoarewillingtobetrainedintheMcDonald’swayandby
openingcompany-ownedoutlets.
Acompanymightalsochoosetogrowbyverticalintegration,whichisanattempttogaincontrolofinput(backwardverticalintegration),output(forwardverticalintegration),orboth.Inbackwardverticalintegration,theorganizationattemptstogaincontrolofitsinputsbybecomingitsownsupplier.Forinstance,UnitedAirlineshascreateditsownin-flightfoodservicebusiness.Inforwardverticalintegration,theorganizationgainscontrolofitsoutputs(productsorservices)bybecomingitsowndistributor.Forexample,GatewayComputer’sretailstoresareanexampleof
anorganizationcontrollingitsdistribution.
Inhorizontalintegration,acompanygrowsbycombiningwithotherorganizationsinthesameindustry―thatis,combiningoperationswithcompetitors.Forinstance,H,J,Heinz,Inc.,thefood-processingcompany,combinedoperationswithanorganicbabyfoodcompany,Earth’s
Best,tohelpitsownHeinzbabyfoodsdivisionbecomemorecompetitive.Becausecombiningwithcompetitorsmightdecreasetheamountofcompetitioninanindustry,theU.S.FederalTradeCommissionassessestheimpactofsuchproposedgrowthactionandmustapproveanyproposedhorizontalintegrationstrategy.Othercountrieshavesimilarrestrictions.
Finally,anorganizationcangrowthroughdiversification,eitherrelatedorunrelated.Relateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentbutrelatedindustries.Forexample,AmericanStandardCos.isinavarietyofbusinessesincludingbathroomfixtures,air-conditioningandheatingunits,plumbingparts,andbrakesfortrucks.Unrelateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentandunrelatedindustries.Forexample,LancasterColonyCorporationmakessaladdressing,carmatsandcandles.Theseindustriesaredifferentandunrelated.6.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?
A.HowMcDonald’shasbecomesuccessful.
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B.Howcompanieshavebecomesuccessful.
C.Howcompaniescandeveloptheirbusinesses.
D.Howcompaniescompetewitheachother.
7.Whatis“directexpansion”?
A.Acompanydevelopsitsownbusinessintoabiggerscale.
B.Acompanyacquiresanothercompany.
C.Acompanymergeswithanothercompany.
D.Acompanygrowswithoutincreasingitsworkforce.
8.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueof“verticalintegration”?
A.Acompanyattemptstosupplyitsowninputs.
B.Acompanyattemptstosellitsownproducts.
C.Acompanyattemptstoprovideservice.
D.Acompanyattemptstoenteranotherindustry.
9.Ifacompanyadoptsthemethodof“horizontalintegration”,itattemptsto__________.
A.acquireaverydifferentcompany
B.acquireasimilarcompany
C.acquireasalescompany
D.acquireadistributioncompany
10.Whichofthefollowingphrasesisclosestinmeaningtotheword“diversification”?
A.mergingwithoracquiringfirms
B.eitherrelatedorunrelated
C.avarietyofbusinesses
D.acompanygrows
PassageThree
InatimeoflowacademicachievementbychildrenintheUnitedStates,manyAmericansareturningtoJapan,acountryofhighacademicachievementandeconomicsuccess,forpossibleanswers.However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisinglylittleemphasisisputonacademic
instruction.Inoneinvestigation,300Japaneseand210Americanpreschoolteachers,childdevelopmentspecialists,andparentswereaskedaboutvariousaspectsofearlychildhoodeducation.Only2percentoftheJapaneserespondents(答问卷者)listed"togivechildrenagood
startacademically"asoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Incontrast,overhalftheAmericanrespondentschosethisasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.Topreparechildrenforsuccessfulcareersinfirstgradeandbeyond,Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.ThevastmajorityofyoungJapanesechildrenaretaughttoreadathomebytheirparents.
IntherecentcomparisonofJapaneseandAmericanpreschooleducation,91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twopercentofthemoreindividuallyoriented(强调
个性发展的)Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.AnemphasisontheimportanceofthegroupseeninJapaneseearlychildhoodeducationcontinuesintoelementaryschooleducation.
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LikeinAmerican,thereisdiversityinJapaneseearlychildhoodeducation.SomeJapanesekindergartenshavespecificaims,suchasearlymusicaltrainingorpotentialdevelopment.Inlargecities,somekindergartensareattachedtouniversitiesthathaveelementaryandsecondaryschool.
SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren'schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.
11.WelearnfromthefirstparagraphthatmanyAmericanbelieve__________.
A.JapaneseparentsaremoreinvolvedinpreschooleducationthanAmericanparents.
B.Japan’seconomicsuccessisaresultofitsscientificachievements.
C.Japanesepreschooleducationemphasizesacademicinstruction.
D.Japan’shighereducationissuperiortotheirs.
12.MostAmericanssurveyedbelievethatpreschoolsshouldalsoattachimportanceto_____.
A.problemsolving
B.g
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