直动式液压往复泵外文翻译.docx
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直动式液压往复泵外文翻译.docx
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直动式液压往复泵外文翻译
JeffreyJ.Rudolf
HuskyEnergyInc.,
Calgary,Alberta,Canadae-mail:
jeff.rudolf@huskyenergy.ca
TedR.Heidricke-mail:
ted.heidrick@ualberta.ca
BrianA.Flecke-mail:
brian.fleck@ualberta.caDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,
UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AlbertaT6G2G8,Canada
V.S.V.Rajan
AlbertaResearchCouncil,
Edmonton,Alberta,Canada
e-mail:
rajan@arc.ab.caOptimumDesignParametersforReciprocatingPumpsUsedinNaturalGasWells
Experimentalandtheoreticalinvestigationofarecentlypatenteddown-holedirect-actingreciprocatingpumpsystemispresented.Thetechnology,(USPatentNo.5,860,795consistsofoperatingagaswellwithgasandliquidphasesbeingproducedseparatelybyusingthegasphasetopowerapumptobringtheliquidphasetothesurface.ThiswouldincreasethedurationofprofitabilityofmanygaswellsinNorthAmerica.Experimentsandmodelingwereusedtodetermineoptimumdesignparameterstomaintainflowataminimumreservoirpressure;anoptimumarearatioforthegas/liquidpistonsisapproxi-mately40.Theeffectoffrictioninthepumpingsystemwaspredictedtohaveasmalleffectonthisoptimumdesign.Theresultsofthisinvestigationwillnowbeusedtodesignandconstructaprototypeforfieldtesting.͓DOI:
10.1115/1.2000274͔
1Introduction
Liquidloadingisacommonproblemassociatedwithnaturalgasproduction.Liquidloadingoccurswhenagaswellisoperatedinatwo-phaseflow͑predominantlygaswithsomeliquidphase͒configurationandthegasphaselackssufficientmomentumtocarrytheliquidphasetothesurface.
Astheproblemofliquidloadingingaswellsbecomesincreas-inglyimportantinNorthAmerica,arangeoftechnologieshasarisentodealwiththeproblem.ThereviewofLeaandNickens͓1͔givesanexcellentoverviewofsolutionsforliquidloadingin
gaswells.AnewtechnologyhasbeenpatentedbyRidleyetal.͓2–4͔tosolveliquidloadingproblemsingaswells.Thistechnol-ogyconsistsofoperatingthegaswellwithgasandliquidphasesbeingproducedseparatelybyusingthegasphasetopowerapumptobringtheliquidphasetothesurface.
Similarideasandtechnologicalinnovationsaresuggestedforapplicationsinoilwellsfordownholesuckerrodandprogressivecavitypumps͓5,6͔anddownholeseparators͓7͔butareessentiallyforoilproduction.Theworkpresentedhereisanoriginalinnova-tionaimedspecificallyatgaswellswithassociatedliquidproduc-tion.
Inapreviousstudy͓8͔,thefeasibilityofoperatinginthisman-nerforavarietyofNorthAmericanreservoirswasdemonstratedviatheoreticalmodeling.Intheresearchworkdescribedhere,theapplicabilityofdirect-actingreciprocatingpumps͑DARP͒wasinvestigatedforuseinthisconceptthroughbothexperimentalandtheoreticalmodeling.Theresultsobtainedwereextrapolatedtothefieldtodetermineoptimumdesignparametersfora“typical”Albertagaswell.Thisisthenextlogicalstepintheprocessoftakingthisnovelconcepttowardcommercializationandpracticalimplementationwiththegoalofextendingtheprofitablelivesofgaswellsexperiencingliquidloadingproblemsattheendoftheirproducinglife.
2ExperimentalApparatus
Theexperimentalapparatuswasdesignedtomodeladown-holepumpsetatthebottomoftheproductiontubingwheregasandliquidenterthebottomofthewellandareseparatedbygrav-ity.Thegasdrivesthepumpwhichpumpstheliquid.Thegasandliquidphasesexituptheproductionandliquidtubingrespectivelyandflowtothesurface.
Adirect-actingreciprocatingtestpumpwasdesignedandmanufacturedfortesting.AschematicofthispumpisshowninFig.1.
Thetestpumpconsistsoftwoparts:
thepumpitselfandacontrollertoregulatetheflowofgasandthusthereciprocatingmotionofthepump.Thepiston,shownschematicallyinFig.2,hasadiameterof50.8mmandtheplungershaveadiameterof19.05mm.Thepumpingelementhasastrokelengthof111.6mm.Eachpumpingelementweighsapproximately430ganddisplaces31.7cm3perstroke.
Ineachdrivesectiontheplungerreciprocatestopumptheliq-uid.Liquidisbroughtinfromaliquidintakelinethroughacheckvalvethatisthreadedintothesideofeachliquidsection.Liquidisdischargedthroughasecondcheckvalvethatisthreadedintotheendsectionofthepump.
Theendsectionconnectstheliquidsectiontoadischargeline.Proximityprobesareusedtosensethepumpingelementwhenitreachestheendofeachpumpstroke.Theproximityprobessendsignalstoswitchtheflowofgasthroughthesolenoidvalve.Thetestpumpcanbeoperatedusingeitheroneorbothdrivesections.Thisisreferredtoaseithersingle-stageortwo-stageoperation.Insinglestageoperation,onlyonedrivesectioniscon-nectedtothesolenoidvalvetoprovidegaspressuretoitscorre-spondingpumpingelement.Theotherdrivesectionoperatesatambientconditionswithitspumpingelementcarriedalongasa“dummy”piston.Insinglestageoperationthepumphasanarearatioof6.11.Intwostageoperation,bothdrivesectionsarecon-nectedtothesolenoidvalveandeachpumpingelementisdrivenbygaspressure.Intwostageoperationthepumphasanarearatioof12.22.
2.1TestFacilityThefacilityusedtoexaminetheperfor-manceofthetestpumpconsistsoftwoflowloops:
oneforgas͑compressedair͒flowandtheotherforliquid͑water͒.Forthegas
flowloop,thesystemoperatesatambienttemperaturewithamaximumpressureof700kPag.Theliquidflowloopalsooper-atesatambienttemperatureandthemaximumoperatingpressure
ContributedbythePetroleumDivisionforpublicationintheJOURNALOFENERGY
RESOURCESTECHNOLOGY.ManuscriptreceivedbythePetroleumDivision:
September
25,2003;revisedmanuscriptreceived:
April11,2005.AssociateEditor:
A.K.
Wojtanowicz.
JournalofEnergyResourcesTechnologyDECEMBER2005,Vol.127/285
Copyright©2005byASME
was1000kPag.
2.1.1GasFlowLoop.AdiagramofthegasflowloopisgiveninFig.
3.Compressedairentersthegasflowloopfromthecentralairsupplyandflowsthroughafilter,regulator,andintoatank.Theairthenflowsfromthetanktothesolenoidandvalveanditstemperatureismeasured.Fromthesolenoidvalve,airflowsintothedrivesection͑s͒ofthetestpump,drivesthepumpuntilitreachestheendofastrokeandthenreturnstothesolenoidvalve.Theairdischargesfromthedrivesectionofthetestpump,throughthesolenoidvalvetoasecondtankthentoabackpressureregulator.
2.1.2LiquidFlowLoop.AdiagramoftheliquidflowloopisgiveninFig.4.Thefluidmediumiswaterwhichenterstheliquidflowloopfromawatersupply.Thewaterflowsintoa220Linlettanktosupplythepump.Thewaterflowsfromthetanktotheliquidsuctionheaderthenflowsintoeitherthetoporbottomliquidsectionoftheexperimentalpumpthroughacheckvalve.Fromtheliquidsectionthewaterispumpedthroughasecondcheckvalveandintothedischargeheaderthenthroughthereliefvalveandentersa4mtallverticalflowline.Thisflowlineisusedtogenerateadditionalbackpressureonthedischargeline.
3TheoreticalModeling
ThetheoreticalmodelingoftheperformanceofaDARPisbasedonaforcebalanceshownschematicallyinFig.2.Basedonthisforcebalance,threeimportantpumpcharacteristicswereidentified;gasutilization,pumpfrictionpressure,andthermody-namicefficiency.
GasutilizationrefersthevolumeofgasrequiredtodrivetheDARP.Tomodelgasutilizationthefollowingequationisused:
Qg,sc=QlAR
PINTsc
PsczTIN
͑1͒DividingEq.͑1͒bytheliquidvolumetricflowrateresults
inFig.1SchematicofthedirectactingreciprocatingpumpapplicationintheARCtechnology
286/Vol.127,DECEMBER2005TransactionsoftheASME
Rgl=AR
PINTscPsczTIN
͑2͒
whereRglisthegastoliquidratio.Equation͑2͒indicatesthatincreasingthepumparearatioorintakepressurewillincreasetheamountofgasrequiredtodrivethepump.Pumpfrictionpressurereferstotheflowlosses,slidingfriction,andotherirreversibilitiesandareexpressedasaneffectivepumpingpressureactingagainsttheplunger͓9͔
PFRICTION=⌬PGASAR−PPUMP͑3͒
whichtakesintoaccountforcesactingwhilethepumpsystemisinoperation.
ThermodynamicefficiencyoftheDARPisdefinedastheworkdoneonthepumpedliquiddividedbytheworkdonebythedrivegasifitwereexpandedisentropicallyfromPINtoPDIS͑showninFig.2͒.Basedonthis,itcanbeshownthatthermodynamiceffi-ciencyofaDARP
is
Fig.2Schematicofthedirect-actingreciprocating
pump
Fig.3Schematicofthegasflowloop
JournalofEnergyResourcesTechnologyDECEMBER2005,Vol.127/287
=
k−1kP˜PUMP
͑1−͑1−P˜PUMP͒k−1/k͒
͑4͒
wherethenormalizedPumpingpressure,P˜PUMP,isdefinedas
P˜PUMPϵ
PPUMPPINAR
͑5͒
Theeffectofnormalizedpumpingpressureonthermodynamicefficiencyforair͑k=1.4͒andnaturalgas͑k=1.25͒isshowninFig.5.Thesignificanceoftheseresultsisthatforagivenpump-ingpressure,thethermodynamicefficiencycanbeimprovedifeitherthepumparearatioorthegasintakepressureisincreased.AswellthermodynamicefficiencydecreaseswithP˜PUMPathigherP˜PUMPvalues.Therefore,therelativeimprovementinthermody-namicefficiencywithincreasedareaorgasintakepressureishigherathigherinitialvaluesofP˜PUMP.However,theefficiencydegradesmoreathighernormalizedpumpingpressureswhenus-ingthegastopowerthepumpduetoitslowerspecificheatratio.Toexaminetheeffectoffrictiononthermodynamicefficiencythefollowingtestcaseispresented.Inthissituation,pumpfrictionpressureisincreasedfrom0%to100%ofthepumpingpressurefornormalizedpressuresof0.5,0.25,0.16,and0.125.Theresultsofthistestcaseusingair͑k=1.4͒asthedrivegasarepresentedinFig.6.Thefigureshowsthatincreasedpumpfrictionresultsinlo
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