中国货币的发展和人民币加入SDR.docx
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中国货币的发展和人民币加入SDR.docx
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中国货币的发展和人民币加入SDR
AbriefhistoryanddevelopmentofChineseCurrency(ChineseCurrencyasaWorldReserveCurrency)
Contents
1.Introduction
2.DefinitionofCurrency
3.HistoryofChineseCurrencyanddevelopment
3.1AncientCurrency
3.2ModernCurrency
4.Functionofmoney
4.1Worldcurrency
5.ChineseCurrencyAsAWorldReserveCurrency
6.Conclusion
7.Bibliography
1.Introduction
ThefirstobjectstobeusedasmoneybythepeopleofChinawerenaturalseashells.Thismarkedthebeginningofatransitionfromtheoldsystemwherebygoodsweretradedandbarteredtoanewageofmonetarysymbols.ThencametheBronzeAge,duringwhichtheChineseusedtheirskillsandwisdomtocreatearesplendentbronzeculture.Bronzecoinsreplacedshellsasthecurrencyoftheage,andweresupplementedbythecirculationofpreciousmetalssuchasgoldandsilver.Withtheemergence,growthandincreaseofmarketplacetrading,allkindsofmoneyappearedandwentintobroadcirculation.Followingthehistoricaldevelopmentsofmoderncivilization,theygraduallydevelopedintotheperfectlyintegratedcreditandcurrencysystemsinplacetoday.ThehistoryofmoneyinChinagoesbackmorethan4000years,andthetypesofmoneythathavebeenusedaremanyandvaried,includingancientformsofmoney,goldandsilvercurrency,coppercoins,andpapermoney.Theemergenceofmoneygavepeoplemorefreedomofmovementandassociation.Duringeveryhistoricalperiodorphase,thedifferentmaterialsandmethodsusedincoiningreflectednotonlypoliticalstrength,butalsothestateoftheeconomyandtheleveloftechnologicaldevelopment.
Moneyhasalwaysbeencloselylinkedtothedevelopmentofsociety.Thechangesandreplacementsofcurrenciestellavividstoryofthevicissitudesofnations,theriseandfallofdynasties,butalsoamplyreflecttheskillandimaginationofthecoinerswhohavemademoneyintoarich,uniqueandexquisiteartform.ThispaperthroughanappreciationofthelonghistoryofChinesemoneylearnalotofChinesehistoryandculture.Thispaperconsistsofsixparts.ThefirstthreepartsprovideabriefintroductionofChinesecurrencyanddescribesthehistoryofcurrencyandtheprocessofitsdevelopment.Thenextpartarguesfunctionofmoneyandworldcurrency.ThelastpartexaminesChinesecurrencyasaworldreservecurrency.
2.DefinitionofCurrency
Agenerallyacceptedformofmoney,includingcoinsandpapernotes,whichisissuedbyagovernmentandcirculatedwithinaneconomy.Usedasamediumofexchangeforgoodsandservices,currencyisthebasisfortrade.Thefirstpeopledidn'tbuygoodsfromotherpeoplewithmoney.Theyusedbarter.Barteristheexchangeofpersonalpossessionsofvalueforothergoodsthatyouwant.Thiskindofexchangestartedatthebeginningofhumankind.From9,000-6,000B.C.,livestockwasoftenusedasaunitofexchange.Later,asagriculturedeveloped,peopleusedcropsforbarter.Forexample,Icouldaskanotherfarmertotradeapoundofapplesforapoundofbananas.
3.HistoryofChineseCurrencyanddevelopment
3.1AncientCurrency
InancientChina,coinswerethemainformsofcurrency.Thesecoinscanbemadeofcopper,iron,lead,goldandsilverwithdifferentshapes,weightandmarks.Differentfromequivalentslikedraughtanimals,textilesandshells,ancientcoinsplayanimportantroleinarchaeology,thattheynotonlyhavethereferencevaluetojudgethehistoryofrelicsorremains,butalsoaresignificantmaterialsforresearchingthehistoryofcommercialeconomyinancienttimes.Becausedraughtanimalsandcerealsaredifficulttodepositanddivide,Chineseforebearsusedshellsasamediumofexchangeandunitofaccountincommerceduringthelastphaseoftheprimitivesociety.ThemetalcoinsturnedupinthelastphaseoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod(770BC–476BC),andthehistoryofpapercurrencyinChinacanbedateduptotheNorthernSongDynasty(960–1127).
CowryshellsarebelievedtobetheearliestformofcurrencyusedinCentralChinaabout3000to4500yearsago.IntheChinesewritingsystemthetraditionalcharactersfor'goods'(貨),'buy/sell'(買/賣),'monger'(販),inadditiontovariousotherwordsrelatingto'exchange'allcontaintheradical'貝',whichisthepictographforshell.(Simplificationchanged貝to贝.)However,theextentofthecirculationofshellsascurrencyisstillunknown,andbartertradewassupposedtodominateinthemarket.Butcopiesoftheseshellsmadeoutofbone,wood,stone,leadandcopperarecommonenoughtosupposeatradesysteminthemwasused.
BronzedshellwerefoundinRuinsofYin,oldcapitalofShangDynasty(BC1500-BC1046).BronzebecameauniversalcurrencyintheZhouDynasty.
TheChineseseemstoinventthefirstmetalcoinsbefore900BC,inatombnearAnyang[1][2]Atthattime,thecoinitselfwasamockofmoreearlierusedcowryshells,soitwasnamedasBronzeshell.
DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod,5thcenturyBCto221BC,Chinesemoneywasintheformofbronzeobjectsthatwereofthreemaintypes.TheZhou,theWei(魏),theHan(韓)andtheQin(秦)allusedcoinsshapedlikeaspade(bu).TheQi(齊)usedmoneyintheshapeofaknife(dao).TheZhao(趙)andtheYan(燕)usedknifemoneybeforeswitchingovertospademoneyroughlyhalfwaythroughtheWarringStatesperiod.TheChu(楚)usedmoneyintheformsof"antnose"coins.
ImperialChina
AspartoftheUnificationofChina,QinShiHuang(Chinese:
秦始皇;pinyin:
QínShǐHuáng,260BC–210BC)abolishedallotherformsoflocalcurrencyandintroducedanationaluniformcoppercoinbasedonthecoinspreviouslyusedbyQin.ThesecoinswereroundwithasquareholeinthemiddlewhichremainedthecommondesignformostChinesecoppercoinsuntiltheTwentiethCentury.Duetothelowvalueofanindividualcoin,theChinesehavetraditionallystrunganominalthousandcoppercoinsontoapieceofstring.Howevergovernmenttaxeswereleviedinbothcoinsandinproductssuchasrollsofsilk.SalarieswerealsopaidinboththeQindynastyandHandynastiesin"stones"(石,dàn)ofgrain.
DuringtheearlySongdynasty(Chinese:
宋,960–1279)Chinaagainreunitedthecurrencysystemdisplacingcoinagesfromtenorsoindependentstates.Amongpre-Songcoins,thenorthernstatestendedtoprefercoppercoins.ThesouthernstatestendedtouseleadorironcoinswithSichuanusingitsownheavyironcoinswhichcontinuedtocirculateforashortperiodintotheSongdynasty.By1000unificationwascompleteandChinaexperiencedarapidperiodofeconomicgrowth.Thiswasreflectedinthegrowthofcoining.In1073,thepeakyearformintingcoinsintheNorthernSong,thegovernmentproducedanestimatedsixmillionstringscontainingathousandcoppercoinseach.TheNorthernSongisthoughttohavemintedovertwohundredmillionstringsofcoinswhichwereoftenexportedtoInnerAsia,Japan,andSouth-EastAsiawheretheyoftenformedthedominantformofcoinage.SongmerchantsrapidlyadoptedformsofpapercurrencystartingwithpromissarynotesinSichuancalled"flyingmoney"(feiqian).Theseprovedsousefulthestatetookoverproductionofthisformofpapermoneywiththefirststate-backedprintingin1024.BythetwelfthcenturyvariousformsofpapermoneyhadbecomethedominantformsofcurrencyinChinaandwereknownbyavarietyofnamessuchasjiaozi,qianyin,kuaizi,orguanzi.
TheMongol-foundedYuandynasty(Chinese:
元,1271–1368)alsoattemptedtousepapercurrency.UnliketheSongdynastytheycreatedaunified,nationalsystemthatwasnotbackedbysilverorgold.ThecurrencyissuedbytheYuanwastheworld'sfirstfiatcurrency,knownasChao.TheYuangovernmentattemptedtoprohibitalltransactionsinorpossessionofsilverorgold,whichhadtobeturnedovertothegovernment.Inflationin1260causedthegovernmenttoreplacetheexistingpapercurrencywithanewpapercurrencyin1287,butinflationcausedbyundisciplinedprintingremainedaproblemfortheYuancourtuntiltheendoftheDynasty.
TheearlyMingdynasty(Chinese:
明;pinyin:
Míng,1368–1644)alsoattemptedtousepapercurrencyintheearlyre-unificationperiod.Thiscurrencyalsoexperiencedrapidinflationandissuesweresuspendedin1450althoughnotesremainedincirculationuntil1573.ItwasonlyintheverylastyearsoftheMingdynastywhenLiZichengthreatenedBeijingin1643and1644thatprintingtookplaceagain.FormostoftheMingChinahadapurelyprivatesystemofcurrencyforallimportanttransactions.Silver,whichflowedinfromoverseas,begantobeusedasacurrencyintheFarSouthprovinceofGuangdongwhereitspreadtothelowerYangziregionby1423whenitbecamelegaltenderforpaymentoftaxes.Provincialtaxeshadtoberemittedtothecapitalinsilverafter1465,saltproducershadtopayinsilverfrom1475andcorvéeexemptionshadtobepaidinsilverfrom1485.TheChinesedemandforsilverwaspartiallymetbySpanishimportsfromtheAmericas,inparticularPotosiinPeruandMexico,aftertheSpanishbecameestablishedatManilain1571.Howeverthesilverwasnotminted.Itcirculatedasingots(knownassyceeoryuanbao)whichweighedanominalliang(about36grammes)althoughpurityandweightvariedfromregiontoregion.TheliangwasoftenreferredtobyEuropeansbytheMalaytermtael.
LateImperialChinamaintainedbothasilverandacoppercurrencysystem.Thecoppersystemwasbasedonthecoppercash(wen).ThesilversystemhadseveralunitswhichbytheQingDynastywere:
1tael=10mace=100candareens=1000li(silvercash).
In1889,theChineseyuanwasintroducedatparwiththeMexicanPesoandwassubdividedinto10jiao(角,notg
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