phynology.docx
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phynology.docx
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phynology
Chapter3:
Phonology
LearningObjectives
I.PhonologyandPhonetics
II.Phoneme,Allophone,andPhone
III.PhonologicalNotions
PhonemicContrast
ComplementaryDistribution
MinimalPair
FreeVariation
IV.PhonologicalRules
V.ProsodicPhonology
I.FromPhoneticstoPhonology
Phonetics:
Thestudyofspeechsounds,aboutitsdescription,classificationandtranscription
Phonology:
Thestudyofsoundpatterns,andsoundsystems
Itstudieshowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication
Phonetics&Phonology
1.Phoneticsisthebasisforphonologicalstudywhilephonologyistheextensionofphonetics.
2.Phoneticsisglobalwhilephonologyislocal.
3.Phonetictranscriptionisin[]whilephonemictranscriptionisin//.
II.Phones,Phoneme,Allophone
Phonesarephoneticunitsorsegments.Theyarethesoundsweproduceandhearduringlinguisticcommunication.
Phonemeisanabstractphonologicalunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Inotherwords,‘unitofexplicitsoundcontrast’.
Thedifferentphonesrepresentingaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalleditsallophones.
Phoneticsimilarity:
theallophonesofaphonememustbearsomephoneticresemblance.
[p]and[ph]aretwodifferentphones
Variantsofthephoneme/p/
Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.
SubstitutionTest:
Abasictesttodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.
Ifitdoes,thetwosoundsthenrepresentdifferentphonemes;
Ifitdoesnot,thetwosoundsthenrepresentallophonesofonephoneme.
III.BasicNotions
1.PhonemicContrast
Phoneticandphonemictranscription
Questions:
1.Itissaidthatthereare44Englishsounds.Aretheyphoneticorphonemic?
2.Indictionaries,some
compilersuse//,while
someuse[]totranscribe
thewords.Whichoneis
correct?
2.MinimalPair/Set
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundsaresaidtoformminimalpairs.
Ifmorethantwoformsareinvolved,theyarecalledminimalsets.
pill/till;kill/dill;beat/bit/bet/bat;beat/bee
pay/play;play/pal;he/pea
3.ComplementaryDistribution
Theappearanceofallophonesofphonemeisgovernedbyrules.
Example:
/p/[p]/ [s]_____
[ph]inotherplaces
StructureDescription&StructureChange
Thedistributionof/l/
4.FreeVariation
cap,map,ape,etc.
E.g.:
Canwefindmoreexamplesoffreevariation?
e.g.:
direct,dance,cot
GAvs.RPpronunciation
IV.PhonologicalRules:
Assimilation
Assimilation-Definition
Assimilationisaphonologicalterm,oftenusedsynonymouslywithcoarticulation,whichismoreofaphoneticterm.
Directionallyspeaking,therearetwokindsofassimilation:
Regressiveassimilation:
afollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound.
Progressiveassimilation:
aprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsound.
/v/[f];/z/[s]etc.
voicedfricativevoiceless/____voiceless
Nasalizationrule:
[-nasal][+nasal]/____[+nasal]
Dentalizationrule:
[-dental][dental]/____[dental]
Velarizationrule:
[-velar][+velar]/____[+velar]
Epenthesis,ruleordering
andtheElsewhereCondition
ahotel,aboy,ause,awagon,abigman,ayellowrug,awhitehouse
anapple,anhonor,anorangecurtain,anoldlady
Epenthesis(Insertion)Rule:
Summarization
/Z/[s]/[–voiced,C]____
(Devoicing)
[]/[+sibilant]____[z]
(Epenthesis)
Ruleordering
TheElsewhereCondition
Themorespecificruleappliesfirst.
PastTenseFormsinEnglish
stopped,walked,coughed,kissed,leashed,reached
stabbed,wagged,achieved,buzzed,soothed,bridged
steamed,stunned,pulled
played,flowed,studied
wanted,located,decided,guided
TheregularpasttenseforminEnglishis
pronouncedas[t]whenthewordendswithavoicelessconsonant,
as[d]whenitendswithavoicedsound,and
as[ɪd]whenitendswith[t]or[d].
Phonologicalrulesforpasttenseformation
Theepenthesisrule:
Thedevoicingrule:
V.ProsodicPhonology
Suprasegmentals/SuprasegmentalFeatures
Suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.
Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsare:
Syllable
Asyllablemusthaveanucleus/peak,whichisusuallythetaskofavowel.Exceptionsaresomeconsonants[l,m,n]asin“table,bottom,cotton”.
SyllableStructure
TheSyllabicStructure
Question:
WhatarethepossiblesyllablestructuresinEnglishandChinese?
InEnglish
(((C)(C)(C)V((((C)(C)(C)(C)
InChinese
(C)V(C)
MaximalOnsetPrinciple(MOP)
MOP:
Whenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.
E.g.telling,inoffensive,inorganic
E.g.conservative,mosquito
E.g.meaningvs.singing
SonorityScale
Stress
Stressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.Intranscription,araisedverticalline[│]isoftenusedjustbeforethesyllableitrelatesto.
Adistinctionismadebetweenstressedandunstressedsyllables,theformerbeingmoreprominentthanthelatter,whichmeansthatstressisarelativenotion.
Atthewordlevel,itonlyappliestowordswithatleasttwosyllables.
Atthesentencelevel,amonosyllabicwordmaybesaidtobestressedrelativetootherwordsinthesentence.
RP
laBORatory
DEBris
GARage
GA
LABoratory
deBRIS
gaRAGE
Verb
conVICT
inSULT
proDUCE
reBEL
Noun
CONvict
INsult
PROduce
REbel
BLACKboard
HOTdog
REDcoat
blackBOARD
hotDOG
redCOAT
Primaryvs.SecondaryStress
discrimiNAtion
unSAtisfied
standardiZAtion
communiCAtion
industrialiZAtion
SentenceStress
Johnboughtaredcar.
JOHNboughtaredcar.
JohnBOUGHTaredcar.
JohnboughtaREDcar.
JohnboughtaredCAR.
Wordstressrule-I
Wordstress-II
Tone:
pitchvariationswhicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.
Intonation:
Why?
A. Itshowstherelationshipofwordswithinandbetweensentences;
B.Ittellssomethingaboutthefeelingofthespeaker.
They'regoingto'havea↘picnic.
They'regoingto'havea↗picnic.
'Thosewho'sold↘↗quickly'madea↘profit.
(Aprofitwasmadebythosewhosoldquickly.)
'Thosewho↘↗sold'quickly'madea↘profit.
(Aprofitwasquicklymadebythosewhosold.)
I.TypesofEnglishIntonation
1.Fallingtone
2.Risingtone
3.Fall-risetone
Itwasaverycoldday.
___________________________
___________________________
Itwasaverycoldday.
___________________________
___________________________
Fallingtone
Questionsandresponses
--Whattimeisit?
--It'saquarterpastfour.
--Where'syourlabbook?
--Ilostit.
Fallingtone
Questionsandresponses
--What↘timeisit?
--It'saquarterpast↘four.
--Where'syour↘labbook?
--I↘lostit.
Risingtone
Yes/noquestionsandresponses
Areyoucominglater?
IfIcan.
MayIhelpyou?
Yes,I'llhaveahotdog.
Isitcoldoutside?
It'sverycold.
Risingtone
Yes/noquestionsandresponses
Areyoucoming↗later?
IfI↘can.
MayI↗helpyou?
Yes,I'llhavea↘hotdog.
Isitcold↗outside?
It's↘verycold.
Fall-risetone
Questions/statementsandresponses
--DoyouknowGerman?
--Icanreadit.
--Wegotthereaboutmidnight.
--Ithinkitwasearlierthanthat.
--Areyousurehe'scomingtonight?
--Hesaidso.
Fall-risetone
Questions/statementsandresponses
--Doyouknow↗German?
--Ican↘↗readit.
--Wegotthereabout↘midnight.
--Ithinkitwas↘earlierthan↗that.
--Areyousurehe'scomingto↘night?
--He↘said↗so.
Moreexamples
CanIhelpyou?
Whatisyourname?
Don’tworryaboutit.
Thisexaminationisveryhorrible,isn’tit?
Exercise1:
InsomedialectsofEnglishthefollowingwordshavedifferentvowels.Belowarethesedata.
Questions:
1.PleasecomparecolumnAandB,A&BandC.
2.Are[]and[]incomplementarydistribution?
3.Whatarethephonetictranscriptionofthewords:
life,lives,trial,bike,lice,fly,mine?
4.Whatistherulerelatesthephonemicrepresentationtothephonetictranscriptionofthewordsgivenabove?
Questions:
1.Are[]and[]incomplementarydistribution?
2.Whatarethephonetictranscriptionofthewords:
life,lives,trial,bike,lice,fly,mine?
3.Whatistherulerelatesthephonemicrepresentationtothephonetictranscriptionofthewordsgivenabove?
Exercise2:
Whatisthephonologicalruleforthepronunciationoftheletter“g”?
signsignature
designdesignation
paradigmparadigmatic
resignresignation
phlegmphlegmatic
Thephonologicalrule:
Ruleone:
/g//___[+nasal]$
($standsforsyllableboundary)
Ruletwo:
/g//___[+nasal]#
(#standsforwordboundary)
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