全国硕士研究生入学考试英语课程一试题.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学考试英语课程一试题.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学考试英语课程一试题
2015年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(课程)一试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Wehavemoregenesincommonwithpeoplewepicktobeourfriendsthanwithstrangers.
Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas"related"asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudypublishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.
Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted31932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.
While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.Asco-authorofthestudyJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiegosays,"Mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8ourkin."
Theteam9developeda"friendshipscore"whichcanpredictwhowillbeyourfriendbasedontheirgenes.
Thestudyalsofoundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityinolfactorygenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.10,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsus11similarenvironmentsbutthereismoretoit.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingintandemthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13"functionalkinship"ofbeingfriendswith14!
Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.
Thefindingsdonotsimplycorroboratepeople's18tobefriendthoseofsimilaret19backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangersweretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatatocheckancestryofsubjects.
1.[A]what
[B]why
[C]how
[D]when
2.[A]defended
[B]concluded
[C]withdrawn
[D]advised
3.[A]for
[B]with
[C]by
[D]on
4.[A]separated
[B]sought
[C]compared
[D]connected
5.[A]tests
[B]objects
[C]samples
[D]examples
6.[A]insignificant
[B]unexpected
[C]unreliable
[D]incredible
7.[A]visit
[B]miss
[C]know
[D]seek
8.[A]surpass
[B]influence
[C]favor
[D]resemble
9.[A]again
[B]also
[C]instead
[D]thus
10.[A]Meanwhile
[B]Furthermore
[C]Likewise
[D]Perhaps
11.[A]about
[B]to
[C]from
[D]like
12.[A]limit
[B]observe
[C]confuse
[D]drive
13.[A]accordingto
[B]ratherthan
[C]regardlessof
[D]alongwith
14.[A]chances
[B]responses
[C]benefits
[D]missions
15.[A]faster
[B]slower
[C]later
[D]earlier
16.[A]forecast
[B]remember
[C]express
[D]understand
17.[A]unpredictable
[B]contributory
[C]controllable
[D]disruptive
18.[A]tendency
[B]decision
[C]arrangement
[D]endeavor
19.[A]political
[B]religious
[C]ethnic
[D]economic
20.[A]see
[B]show
[C]prove
[D]tell
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsited”kingsdon’tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecenetEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.SodoestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?
DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?
TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove”mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.
Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchscontinuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.
Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarmingofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.
Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.
WhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.
ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy’sreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles.Whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy’sworstenemies.
21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain
[A]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport
[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals
[C]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals
[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment
22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly
[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus
[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality
[C]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto
[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment
23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?
[A]Aristocrats’excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth
[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies
[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies
[D]Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivileges
24.TheBritishroyals”havemostoffear”becauseCharles
[A]takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues
[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised
[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies
[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole
25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?
[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined
[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone
[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs
[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats.
Text2
JUSTHOWmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?
TheSupremeCourtisonlyjustcomingtogripswiththatquestion.OnTuesday,itwillconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.
Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughtheeffectsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Evenifthejusticesaretempted,thestateargues,itishardforjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.
ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia’sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,thatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.
TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation—issimilarto,say,riflingthroughasuspect’spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon’tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheysiftthroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone’ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee’sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,”meanwhile,meansthatpoliceofficerscouldconceivablyaccessevenmoreinformationwithafewswipesonatouchscreen.
Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.CitizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution’sprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.
Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn’teasethechallengeofline-drawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstilltrumpFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,exigentcircumstances,suchasthethreatofimmediateharm,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomoreleeway.
ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia’sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution’sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessorwhoblogsonTheP
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