广东药学院教师课堂教学讲稿-系统解剖学英文..DOC
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广东药学院教师课堂教学讲稿-系统解剖学英文..DOC
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Thelectureforbilingualteachingclassesofhumananatomy(writtenbyzengminghui)
广东药学院
教师课堂教学讲稿
课程系统解剖学
专业临床医学、预防医学
教师曾明辉
班级双语班
IntroductionofHumanAnatomy人体解剖学绪论
1.Whatishumananatomy?
Humananatomy(人体解剖学)isthesubjectwhichstudiestheshape,structureandspatialinterrelationsoforgansofnormalhumanbody.Humananatomyisanimportantbasiccourseofmedicine.
2.Classificationofhumananatomy:
Humananatomyisgenerallyclassifiedintogrossanatomy(大体解剖学),microscopicanatomy(显微解剖学,histology),developmentalanatomy(成长解剖学),radiographicanatomy(放射解剖学)andclinicalanatomy(临床解剖学)etc.
Grossanatomyissubdividedinto①systematicanatomy(系统解剖学)and②regionalanatomy(局部解剖学).Systematicanatomytakesthesystemsofhumanbody(suchaslocomotorsystem,alimentarysystemetc.)asstudyunitsandstudiestheshapeandstructuresoftheorgansofthebodysystembysystem.
Thereareninesystemsinhumanbody:
(1)locomotorsystem(运动系统),
(2)alimentary(digestive)system(消化系统),(3)respiratorysystem(呼吸系统),(4)urinarysystem(泌尿系统),(5)Reproductive(genital)system(生殖系统),(6)endocrinesystem(内分泌系统),(7)circulatorysystem(循环系统,angiology),(8)nervoussystem(神经系统),(9)sensoryorgans(感觉器官).
Regionalanatomytakesregions(suchasinguinalregionetc.)orareasasstudyunitsandstudiestheshapeandspatialinterrelationsoftheorgansorstructuresofthebodyregionbyregion.
3.Thepartsofhumanbody
Thehumanbodyisdividedintothetrunk,head,neck,upperlimbsandlowerlimbs.Theupperandlowerpartsofanterioraspectoftrunkisrespectivelycalledthorakandabdomen,whiletheupperandlowerpartsofposteioraspectoftrunkisrespectivelycalledbackandlumbar.Theposteriorpartofneckiscallednucha.Theupperlimbisdividedintoshoulder,arm,forearmandhand,theupperlimbisdividedintogluteus,thigh,legandfoot.
4.Theanatomicaltermsusedoften:
(1)Anatomicalposition(解剖姿势):
①Thebodystandsuperectly;②Thefaceisdirectedforward,theeyesseeforwardhorizontally;③Theheelsandtoesareclosedtogether,thetipsoffeetaredirectedforward;④Theupperlimbshangbythesidesofthebody;⑤Thepalmsofthehandsfaceforward.
(2)Therelationalplanes:
①Sagittalplane(矢状切面):
Itistheplanethatpassesthroughthebodyverticaltoitsanteriorsurfaceanddividesthebodyintoleftandrightparts.Themediansagittalplane(正中矢状切面):
Itistheplanethatpassesthroughthemidlineofthebodyanddividesthebodyintosymmetricalleftandrightparts.
②Coronal(frontal)plane冠状面(额状面):
Itistheplanethatpassesthroughthebodyverticaltothesagittalplaneanddividesthebodyintoanteriorandposteriorparts.
③Horizontal(transverse)plane水平面(横切面):
Ittheplanethatpassesthroughthebodyverticaltobothsigittalandcoronalplanesanddividesthebodyintosuperiorandinferiorparts.
Transverseandlongitudinalplanesforoneorgan:
①transverseplane(横切面):
Itistheplanethatisverticaltolongaxisoftheorgan.②longitudinalplane(纵切面):
Itistheplanethatparallelstolongaxisoftheorgan.
(3)Anatomicaldirections:
①Anterior(ventral)前(腹侧):
Itmeansnearerthefrontsurfaceofthebody.
②Posterior(dorsal)后(背侧):
Itmeansnearerthebacksurfaceofthebody.
③Superior(上):
Itmeansnearerthetopoftheheadorupperpartofastructureorthebody.
④Inferior(下):
Itmeansnearerthesolesofthefeetorthelowerpartofastructureorthebody.Sometimesinthetrunk,cranial(颅侧)isusedinsteadofsuperior,andcaudal(尾侧)insteadofinferior.
⑤Medial(内侧):
Itmeansnearertothemediansagittalplane.
⑥Lateral(外侧):
Itmeansfartherfromthemediansagittalplane.
⑦Internal(内):
Itmeansnearertothecenterofaholloworganorbodycavity.
⑧external(外):
Itmeansfartherfromthecenterofaholloworganorbodycavity.
⑨Superficial(浅):
Itmeansnearertothesurfaceofthebody.
⑩deep(深):
Itmeansfartherfromthesurfaceofthebody.
Proximal(近侧)isusedtoindicatenearertotherootorattachedendofalimb.
Distal(远侧)isusedtoindicatefartherfromtherootorattachedendofalimb.
(4)Theaxisofthebody:
①Thesagittalaxis(矢状轴):
Itistheaxisthatpassesanteroposteriorlythroughthebodyandisverticaltoitsanteriorsurface,andparalleltosagittalplane.
②Thecoronalaxis(冠状轴):
Itistheaxisthatpassesright-leftthroughthebodyverticaltothesagittalaxis,andparalleltocoronalplane.
③Theverticalaxis(垂直轴):
Itistheaxisthatpassesthroughthebodyverticaltotheearthsurface,andverticaltothecoronalaxisandthesagittalaxis.
PartⅠTheLocomotorSystem运动系统
Thelocomotorsystemincludesthreeparts:
①bones(骨),②joints(关节)and③muscles(肌肉).Theindividualbonesofthebodyarelinkedtogetherbyjointstoformtheskeleton(骨骼).Thefunctionsoflocomotorsystem
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