翻译概论总结.docx
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翻译概论总结.docx
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翻译概论总结
多项选择:
1.RomanJakobson’stripartiteclassification:
intralingualtranslation(rewording),interlingualtranslation(translationproper),andintersemiotictranslation(transmutation)
2.texttypes:
technical,institutional,literarytranslation
3.outlineofmajortheoriesoftranslation:
(1)Chronologically(bythetimeoftheirbirthoroccurrence):
thephilological,hermeneutic,linguistic,communicative,sociosemiotic,skopos,manipulative,norm,post-structuralist,postcolonial
(2)topologically(bytheparticularapproachadoptedorfocusdirectedbytheirproponents):
theirapproachestotranslationmaybegroupedintothephilological,linguistic,functionalist,semiotic,cultural,philosophical.
重要概念:
1.translationstudies:
(1).Thepaper“thenameandnatureoftranslationstudies”writtenbyJamesHolmesin1988,marksthebirthofthedisciplineofTS.
Thedescriptivebranch:
product,process,function-oriented
Thetheoreticalbranch:
general&partialwhichincludesmedium,area,rank,texttype,time,andproblemrestricted
Theappliedbranch:
translationaids,trainingandcriticism
Note:
thoughbeinglucidandinspiringinhistheory,itshallbenotedthatdescriptionandtheorizingareusuallyinseparablefromeachotherinresearch.
(2).Theinternalstudiesandexternalstudies
Theinternalstudies:
thetheoreticalbranchtakesasitsobjectsofstudythenature,principles,andproceduresoftranslation;theappliedbranchincludestranslationpractice(textanalysisandgenretranslation),Tcriticism,andthetrainingoftranslators,developmentofthetranslationprofession.
Specifically,translationpracticeincludestextanalysisandgenretranslation,andtheformercoverssuchareasofresearchas:
sourcetextanalysis,comparisonoftranslations&theirsourcetexts,comparisonoftranslationsandnon-translatedtexts(comparabletexts),translationwithcommentary;whilethegenretranslationcoverstextslikedrama,poetry,prosefiction,religioustext,tourismtexts,andmultimediatexts.
TheexternaltranslationstudiesarethederivedorborderlinepartsofTS,coveringareaswheretheinternalTSinteractormarrywithotherdisciplines,suchashistory,sociology,culturalanthropology,philosophy,linguistics,psychology,theoryofcommunication,computerscienceandtechnology,etc.Forexample,historyoftranslation;sociologyandculturalstudiesofT;Tethics;terminologymanagement;languageandtranslationtechnology…
Orhistorical/culturaltranslation;translationethics;terminologyandglossaries;translationandtechnology
Theinternalstudiesandtheexternalstudiesoftranslationarerelatedandcomplementarytoeachotherinthattheresearchresultsintheformerprovidethelatterwithbothatheoreticalbasisandapracticalfocusofconcernwhiletheresearchfindingsinexternalstudiescontributetothedepthandbreadthofinternalstudiesbyprovidingnewobservationsandnewperspectives.
2.definitionoftranslation:
AccordingtoWilss(1995),translationisanactiondirectedtowardboththesourcetextandthereaderofthetargetlanguage.Itsprocedureisdeterminedbyitsfunctionanditpursuesagoalofenablingunderstandingbetweenindividualsofdifferentlinguisticandculturalcommunities.
NidaandTaber(1969)regardtranslationasacommunication-basedtaskanddefineitas:
Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaning,andsecondlyintermsofstyle.(closestinmeaningandstyle;acceptability;lossofinformation)
--translationasakindofcommunicationbetweendifferentlanguagegroup
--translationshouldcommunicateinformationormeaning
3.theory:
Atheory,inthesimplestsense,isjustavieworunderstandingofsomethingthatconcernsus.Inmodernscience,itisgenerallyunderstoodorreferstoaproposedexplanationofempiricalphenomena,madeinawayconsistentwithscientificmethod.Theoriesarecollectionsofhypothesesthatarelogicallylinkedtogetherintoacoherentexplanationofsomeaspectofrealityandwhichhaveindividuallyorjointlyreceivedsomeempiricalsupport.
Thepropertiesofagoodtheory:
strongexplanatorypowerthatcaneffectivelyexplainthesubjectmatteritpertainsto;strongpredicativepowerwhichmeansitshouldproveda)reasonablyadequatepredictionsaboutthepropertiesnotyetdiscoveredofthespecificobjectunderinvestigationandb)ameasureofpredictabilityaboutthedegreeofsuccesstobeexpectedfromtheuseofcertainprinciplesandproceduresinthestudyofthesubjectmatter.
3.equivalence:
AtermusedbymanywriterstodescribethenatureandtheextentoftherelationshipswhichexistbetweenSLandTLtextsorsmallerlinguisticunits.Thenatureof“equivalence”wassuccessivelydiscussedbyprominentfiguressuchasJakobson,EugeneNida,PeterNewmark,andWernerKoller.
(1)Jakobson’slinguisticmeaningandequivalence.HefollowedtherelationsetoutbySaussurebetweenthesignifier(thespokenandwrittensignal)andthesignified(theconceptsignified).Hestatedthatthesignifierandsignifiedformthelinguisticsign,butthesignisarbitraryorunmotivated,thusthereisordinarilynofullequivalencebetweenSTandTT.Hedefinedtranslationas“substitutingmessagesinonelanguagenotforseparatecode-units(signifier)buttoentiremessages(signified)insomeotherlanguage”.
(2)Catfordregardedthecentraltaskoftranslationas“definingthenatureandconditionsoftranslationequivalence”andthereexistsadistinctionbetweentextualequivalenceandformalcorrespondence.
(3)Nida,inspiredbyNoamChomsky’sgenerative-transformationalgrammar,putforwardathree-stagesystemoftranslationandusedback-transformationtoanalyzethekernelsundersomecomplicatedsurfacestructure.Intermsofequivalence,hestatedthatthereare
formalequivalencewhichfocusesattentiononthemessageitselfinbothformandcontent,themessageinthereceptorlanguageshouldmatchascloselyaspossiblethedifferentelementsinthesourcelanguage.
Dynamicequivalenceisbasedontheprincipleofequivalenteffect,wheretherelationshipbetweenreceptorandmessageshouldbesubstantiallythesameasthatwhichexistedbetweentheoriginalreceptorandthemessage.
Therearefourbasicrequirementsofatranslation.
(4)Newmarkputforwardthenotionsofcommunicativetranslationandsemantictranslation.
Communicativetranslationattemptstoproduceonitsreaderaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginal.
Semantictranslationattemptstorender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntacticstructuresofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginal.
4.meaning:
AccordingtoNida,meaningisbrokedownintolinguisticmeaning,referentialmeaningandemotivemeaning.
Intermsoftraditionalstudiesofmeaning,themeaningsofmeaningareasfollows:
referenceandsense:
referenceistherelationshipbetweenwordsandthethings,actions,events,andqualitiestheystandfor;senseistheplaceawhichawordorphraseholdsinthesystemofrelationshipswithotherwordsorphrasesinthevocabularyofalanguage.
Fromtheperspectiveofsociosemiotics,thereare4basicfactsaboutmeaning:
1)meaningisakindofrelationship.Meaningisnotreallyanentity(becausewordsdonothavemeanings,peoplehavemeaningsforwords),buttherelationshipbetweenasignandsomethingoutsideit
2)thereisapluralityofmeaning:
threekindsofrelationshipasignmayenterinto–referential(semantic),pragmatic,syntactic(intralingual);
a.Referentialmeaning(RM)(sign-realworldentity)ischieflyconnectedwiththetopicofacommunication.Itscoreelementsaretheexternalsituation,thefactsoftherealworld.Alsoknownasinformative,conceptual,cognitivemeaning.ButRMdoesnotequalliteralmeaning(LM).E.g挂号信;vice-chancellor;indianmeal;国际学院;基础实验楼
b.Pragmaticmeaning(PM)(sign-user)maybedividedintofoursubsets:
identificationalmeaning(regional,historialbackgroundofthespeaker);expressivemeaning(emotionalcontentofanexpressionmighthaveintermsofthepersonalityorindividualcreativityoftheuser,e.gmurder&homicide);associativemeaning(connotativemeaning隐含意义);socialmeaning(channelofcontact,e.gphaticformsofdiscourse;formsofaddressvous/tu;flatter;register);imperativemeaning(conativemeaning,operativeorinstrumentalmeaning)
c.intralingualmeaning(IM)(sign-sign)isrelatedtothecode:
phoneticmeaning;phonologicalmeaning;graphemicmeaning;morphological/lexemicmeaning,syntacticmeaning,discoursal/textualmeaning
3)styleismeaning.Styleinitslinguisticsenseisreducedtoagroupofpragmaticmeaningandintralingualmeanings.
4)differentmeaningmaycarrydifferentweightindifferentcontexts.
5.code:
asystemofsignsorsignalsinvolvedinthetransmissionofmessages.Languageasacodeisasystemofmultiplicity,i.e.itiscomposedofdiverseelementsorhasdifferentaspects.
6.sign:
athingthatsignifiesorstandsforanotherthingorthings.
7.signification:
usingsignstomean.Athirditemisincludedintheprocessofsignification,thatis,anabstractconceptofthethingforwhichthesignstands.
8.message:
accordingtoNidaandTaber,itconsistsoftwoaspects:
meaningandstyle
9.fusionofhorizon:
themeetingofdifferentperspectivesorbackgrounds.Sofarastranslationisconcerned,thisconceptimpliesthatatranslatorhastoemergefromhisownintellectualperspectiveandculturalbackgroundinordertoassimilatewhatisforeigninanewlight.
总结自己学习情况:
Takingthecourse“IntroductionofTr
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