胡壮麟语言学教程课后答案适合背诵.docx
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胡壮麟语言学教程课后答案适合背诵.docx
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胡壮麟语言学教程课后答案适合背诵
Definethefollowingterms:
1.designfeature:
arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.
2.function:
theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsinclucleimformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction.
3.etic:
atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,justaswasofterthecasewithphoneticvx.phonemicanalysisinlinguisticsproper.
4.emic:
atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunithratherthanviaqppealtotheinvestigator’singenuithorintuitionalone.
5.synchronic:
akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.
6.diachronic:
studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.
7.prescriptive:
thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.
8.prescriptive:
akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.
9.descriptive:
akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.
10.arbitrariness:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.
11.duality:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.
12.displacement:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.
13.phaticcommunion:
onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.
14.metalanguage:
certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.
15.macrolinguistics:
heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,etc.
16.competence:
languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.
17.performance:
theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.
18.langue:
thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.
19.parole:
theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).
20.Articulatoryphonetics:
thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.
21.Coarticulation:
akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.
22.Voicing:
pronouncingasound(usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant)byvibratingthevocalcords.
23.Broadandnarrowtranscription:
theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.
24.Consonant:
aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.
25.Phoneme:
theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.
26.Allophone:
anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(e.g.
27.Vowel:
aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.
28.Mannerofarticulation;intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.
29.Placeofarticulation:
intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.
30.Distinctivefeatures:
atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother.
31.Complementarydistribution:
therelationbetweentwospeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.
32.IPA:
theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888thenithasundergoneanumberofrevisions.IPAisacomprisedsystememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.
33.Suprasegmental:
suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.
34.Suprasegmental:
aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.
35.morpheme:
thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.
36.compoundolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snow-white,etc.
37.inflection:
themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.
38.affix:
thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).
39.derivation:
differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.
40.root:
thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.
41.allomorph:
anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishthepluralmorthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.
42Stem:
anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.
43.boundmorpheme:
anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein“dog’s”.
44.freemorpheme:
anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.
45.lexeme:
Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofaword(e.g.“doginthemanger”)
46.lexicon:
alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.
47.grammaticalword:
wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,articlesandpronouns.
48.lexicalword:
wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andverbs.
49.open-class:
awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.
50.blending:
arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.
51.loanvoord:
aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.
52.loanblend:
aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.
53.leanshift:
aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.
54.acronym:
ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.
55.loss:
thedisappearanceoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonologicalsystem.
56.back-formation:
anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.
57.assimilation:
thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.“contact”or“contiguous”assimilation.
58.dissimilation:
theinfluenceexercised.Byonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.
59.folketymology:
achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnationoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous.
60.category:
partsofspeechandfunction,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoftermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionsofwordsintermofsubject,predicate,etc.
61.concord:
alsoknownasagreement,istherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsinasyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewitheachotherintermsofsomecategories.
62.syntagmaticrelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent.
63.paradigmaticrelation
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