研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 6 Discussing Results.docx

研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 6 Discussing Results.docx

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研究生学术英语写作教程Unit6DiscussingResults

Unit6DiscussingResults

Objectives:

-Understandthediscussionsection

-Learnhowtopresentyourresults

-Learnhowtocompareyourresultswithothers

-Learnhowtointerpretyourresults

-Learnhowtoexpressopinionsinthediscussion

Contents:

-Readinganddiscussion:

asampleresultsection

-Languagefocus:

comparisonandcontrast;strengtheningorweakeningaclaim

-Signalwordsofcomparisonandcontrast

-Writingpractice:

writingcomparisonandcontrast,andwritingashortdiscussionsection

-Classroomextension:

writingaresultsectionforaclassroomexperiment.

1.ReadingActivity

1.1Pre-readingTask

Theresultssectionpresentsyourresearchfindings,andthediscussionsectionisananalysisofthosefindings.Youmayincludeadiscussionsectionattheendofyourresultssectiontoexplainandcontemplatetheresults.Thediscussioncaneitherbeapartoftheresultssectionoraseparatesectionofitsown,whichshouldbeinlinewiththepracticeofyourtargetjournal.Sometimes,theresults,discussionandconclusionsectionsarecombinedinjournalarticles.Mostarticlesdonotcontainallthreesections.

Thefunctionofthediscussionpartistointerpretyourresultsinlightofwhathasalreadybeenknownaboutthesubjectoftheinvestigation,andtoexplainournewunderstandingoftheproblemaftertakingyourresultsintoconsideration.TheDiscussionwillalwaysbeconnectedtotheIntroductionbywayofthequestion（s）orposedhypothesesandcitedliterature,butitdoesnotsimplyrepeatorrearrangetheIntroduction.Instead,ittellshowyourstudyhasmovedusforwardfromtheplaceyouleaveusattheendoftheIntroduction.

Beforereadingthefollowingsamplediscussionsection,thinkaboutthefollowingquestions:

Howmanyelementsdoesadiscussionsectioninclude?

Whatdothoseelementsfunction?

Whatexpressionsaretypicalinwritingadiscussionsection?

1.2ReadingPassage

Inthislarge,prospectiveinvestigationofredandprocessedmeatintakeinrelationtocancerrisk,wefoundelevatedrisksforcolorectalandlungcancerwithbothmeattypes.Red,butnotprocessed,meatintakewasalsoassociatedwithincreasedriskforcanceroftheesophagusandliver.Weobservedborderlinestatisticallysignificantelevatedrisksforadvancedprostatecancerwithbothredandprocessedmeatintake,forlaryngealcancerwithredmeat,andforbladdercancerandmyelomaandwithprocessedmeatintake.

Thecancersitemostconsistentlyassociatedwithmeatintakehasbeenthecolorectum.Arecentmeta-analysisreportedelevatedrisksinthehighestcategoryofconsumptionofmeat.Ourstudyincluded1,000colorectalcancercases,anditlendsstrongsupporttoimplicateredandprocessedmeatasriskfactorsforthismalignancy.Consistentwithpreviousstudies,weobservedastrongerpositiveassociationforrectalthancoloncancer.

Wefoundapositiveassociationbetweenredmeatintakespecificallyandcancersoftheesophagusandliver,andaborderlinesignificantpositiveassociationforlaryngealcancer.Thefirstprospectivestudyofmeatintakeandesophagealcancerwaspublishedrecently;thatstudyhadonly65casesandfoundapositiveassociationforprocessedmeat,butnotredmeat,withesophagealadenocarcinoma.Ourstudysuggestsathresholdeffectforredmeatintakeonesophagealcancerrisk,beginningatalowlevelofintake,withnofurtherincreaseinriskwithhigherintakes,asreflectedinthep-trend（p=0.13）,althoughitispossiblethatthereferentgrouphadasmaller-than-expectedcancerincidencebychance.Dataonmeatintakeandcancersoftheliverandlarynxarelimited,andourstudyisthefirstprospectiveinvestigationtoreportontheseassociations.Twocase-controlstudiesreportedelevatedrisksforlaryngealcancerforthoseinthehighestintakecategoriesofredmeatintakeandfriedbeef/veal.

Unexpectedly,wefoundaninverseassociationbetweenredmeatintakeandendometrialcancer;thisassociationwasnotattenuatedbyadjustmentforknownriskfactors,suchasbodymassindexormenopausalhormonetherapy,orbyfinecontrolforsmoking,whichhasbeeninverselyassociatedwiththismalignancy.Previousstudieshavereportednullorpositiverelationsbetweenredmeatandendometrialcancer.Wealsoobservedinverseassociationsbetweenprocessedmeatintakeandleukemiaandmelanoma.Incontrasttoourfindings,childhoodleukemiahasbeenpositivelyassociatedwithintakeofprocessedmeatsinacase-controlstudy.

Previousstudiesofmeatintakeandprostatecancerareconflicting.Somestudieshavereportednullfindings,andotherssuggestpositiveassociations.Despitefindingnoassociationbetweenredorprocessedmeatintakeandoverallprostatecancerrisk,weobservedasuggestionofanelevatedriskforadvancedprostatecancerwithbothmeattypes.Iftherelationofmeatintaketoprostatecancerisconfinedtoadvanceddisease,thiscouldexplainsomeoftheinconsistenciesintheliteratureasmostpreviousstudieshavenotspecificallyaddressedadvancedprostatecancer.

Withregardtobreastcancer,apooledanalysisofeightcohortstudiesfoundnoassociationwithredmeatintake;however,thetwomostrecentprospectivestudiesfoundpositiveassociationsforbothredandprocessedmeat,specificallyforestrogenandprogesteronereceptor–positivebreastcancersinpremenopausalwomen.Althoughbreastcancerriskrelatedtomeatintakedidnotappeartodifferbymenopausalstatusinourstudy,wehadveryfewpremenopausalcases（n=94）andlackedinformationonhormonereceptorstatusforalargenumberofcases.

Bothredmeat,regardlessofprocessingprocedure,andprocessedmeatcanbelinkedtocarcinogenesisbydifferentmechanisms;forexample,theyarebothsourcesofsaturatedfatandiron,whichhaveindependentlybeenassociatedwithcarcinogenesis.Associationsbetweensaturatedfatandcancerarelikelytoberelatedtoenergybalanceingeneral,whereasironisthoughttocontributetocarcinogenesisspecificallybygeneratingfreeradicalsandinducingoxidativestress.Mostrecently,dietaryfatwaspositivelyassociatedwithbreastcancer,andironintakewaspositivelyassociatedwithliverandcolorectalcancers.

Thisstudywasprimarilylimitedbyitsrelativelysmallsamplesize.Anearlierstartindatacollectionwouldhaveincreasedthetimeneededtosurveymoreparticipants.Ideally,thenumberofparticipantwouldhavebeenmoreevenlydistributedacrossgender/yearinpopulation.Alargersamplewithdiversitywouldhavebenefitedourresults.Otherlimitationsofthisstudyincludedsomedegreeofpossiblemeasurementerrors,althoughweattemptedatminimizingtheerrorinmeasurementandthemeasurementdatacomparedveryfavorablytootherresearches.

Inconclusion,adiethighinredorprocessedmeatwasassociatedwithanelevatedriskofbothcolorectalandlungcancer;inaddition,redmeatwasassociatedwithanelevatedriskofesophagealandlivercancer.Adecreaseintheconsumptionofredandprocessedmeatcouldreducetheincidenceofcanceratmultiplesites.

1.3ReadingComprehension

1.3.1Whataretheresultsdiscussed?

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1.3.2Decidehowmanyelementsthissampleincludesandhowtheyfunction.

Elements

Functions

2LanguageFocus

2.1Causeandeffect

2.1.1Readthefollowingsentencefromthetext,andseethecausalrelations.

Associationsbetweensaturatedfatandcancerarelikelytoberelatedtoenergybalanceingeneral,whereasironisthoughttocontributetocarcinogenesisspecificallybygeneratingfreeradicalsandinducingoxidativestress.

Effect

Cause

2.1.2Usingsignalwordsforcausalrelations.

Emphasisingcause

Thedeathratefromcancerisincreasing

because

owingtothefactthat

peoplearesmokingmore.

Thefactthat

thedeathratefromcancerisincreasing 

isdueto

maybedueto

peoplesmokingmore.

The

One

reasonfor

causeof

thedeathratefromcancerincreasing

isthat

couldbethat

peoplearesmokingmore.

Anincreaseinthedeathratefromcancer

is

maybe

oneeffectof

oneresultof

oneconsequenceof

causedby

dueto

becauseof

peoplesmokingmore.

resultsfrom

arisesfrom

Emphasisingeffect

Peoplearesmokingmore.

Therefore,

So,

Thus,

Hence,

Consequently,

Becauseofthis,

Forthisreason,

Asaconsequence,

Asaresult,

thedeathratefromcancerisincreasing.

Peoplearesmokingmore,

asaresultofwhich

asaconsequenceofwhich

withtheresultthat

Owingto

peoplesmokingmore,

thedeathratefromcancerisincreasing.

One

The

effectof

resultof

consequenceof

peoplesmokingmore

isthat

thedeathratefromcancerisincreasing.

isto

increasethedeathratefromcancer.

Peoplesmokingmore

resultsin

leadsto

produces

causes

isthecauseof

givesriseto

bringsabout

anincreaseinthedeathratefromcancer.

Peoplesmokemore,

（so）

（thus）

（thereby）

resultingin

leadingto

producing

causing

givingriseto

bringingabout

anincreaseinthedeathratefromcancer.

If

peoplesmokemore,

thedeathratefromcancerwillincrease.

Additionally,youshouldbecarefulwhenusingcommas.Conjunctionssuchastherefore,consequently,asaresult,andforthisreasonareusuallyfollowedbyacomma,asintheseexamples:

Theweatherwascold; therefore,Sallyclosedthewindow.

Theweatherwascold. Therefore,Sallyputonhercoat.

Theweatherwascold. Consequently,Sallyputonherscarf.

Ablizzardhitthetown. Asaresult,theschoolswereclosed.

2.1.3Causalmarkers

Compl