托福 TOEFL IBT GRE GMAT 必备语法高效总结.docx
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托福 TOEFL IBT GRE GMAT 必备语法高效总结.docx
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托福TOEFLIBTGREGMAT必备语法高效总结
形容词+补足语:
(构成形容词短语)
形容词+介词短语:
Ajacketsimilartoyours
Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:
they“lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.
形容词+不定式短语:
Parentseagertosupporttheirchildren’sefforts
形容词+动名词短语:
Awaiterbusyservingtheguests
形容词+that:
Ifadiamondisheatedwithoutoxygen,itwillturntographite,aformofcarbonsosoftthatitisusedasalubricant.
多形容词并列修饰:
(后置)
Wecaneasilypointtoinequalities,socialandeconomic,butthereisstilladeep-seatedbeliefthat,nomatterwhathiswealthorhisjob,eachmanisfundamentallyequalwitheveryother.
多形容词与“形容词+补足语”并列:
Johnwasaranchman,big,quiet,unlettered,andstrongashorse.
The+最高级+of+所属范围:
Certainzoologistsregardcrowsthemostintelligentofbirds.
Ofallmetals,goldistheleastuseful.
of属格的逻辑语义关系:
主谓关系:
从右往左翻译(不及物动词)
Thearrivalofmymother
动宾关系:
从左往右翻译(及物动词)
America’sinvasionofIraq
同位关系:
(二者互相说明)
ThecityofRome
Thenewsoftheteam’svictory
基本句型:
(一)主语+系动词+表语
系动词:
链接主语和后面成分的词
表语:
又称主语补足语,在动词后面补充说明主语性质的成分(名词、形容词)
LearningEnglishisveryimportant.
Hebecameateacher.
Theleafwillturnyellowinautumn.
简单句叠加为复杂难句:
(定语复杂化)
✓Vitaminsareorganiccompounds.
✓Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryforthenormalgrowthoflife.(添加形容词短语)
✓Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.(形容词短语复杂化)
✓Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.(介词短语插入)
(二)主语+谓语(不及物动词)+【状语】
状语:
用来修饰说明动作发生的原因、方式、地点、时间的成分(副词、介词短语)
Theyshoutedloudly(方式状语)
Hediedathome(地点状语)
Hediedin2007(时间状语)
简单句叠加为复杂难句:
(定语从句复杂化)
✓ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar.
✓ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametothisconclusion.(定语从句)
✓ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametothisconclusionthatthespecificdemandscannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.(添加同位语从句)
✓ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.(添加定语从句)(makedemandsof对…提出要求)
(三)主语+谓语+宾语
Thesechildrenareplayingfootball.
简单句叠加为复杂难句:
✓Theemphasishelpedtoobscurethegreatimportance.
✓Theemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmanhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportance.(分词短语作定语)
✓TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmantothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportance.(介词短语作定语)
✓TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmantothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsanconsequencesofinternationaltrade.(介词短语作定语)
✓TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmantothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsanconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.(添加定语从句)
(四)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(双宾语)
间接宾语:
人,动作的接受者。
直接宾语,物,动作的承受者。
Chattingonlinewillbringyoualotoffun.
Heshowedtheguardhispassport.
简单句叠加为复杂难句:
(添加定语)
✓HerworkwonhertheNobelPrizein1983.
✓HerworkingeneticswonUnitedStatesscientistBarbaraMcClintocktheNobelPrizein1983.(添加定语)
(五)主语+谓语(宾补动词)+宾语+宾语补足语(复合宾语)
宾补动词:
这种动词后面接宾语,再后面又接补充说明宾语的宾语补足语。
宾语和宾语补足语语义相当于主语和主语补足语,即为主系表结构,所以在宾语和宾语补足语间添上系动词be,可以构成通顺句子。
ImadeJohnourchairman.
Youcanleavethedooropen.
简单句叠加为复杂难句:
✓WillaCatherconsideredthisnovelherbestwork.
✓WillaCatherconsideredhernoveloflifeinnineteenth-centuryNebraska,MyAntoniaherbestwork.(介词短语作后置定语、同位语)
名词从句
三种句子充当四种成分
(一)陈述句作句子成分
当把一个完整的陈述句当作名词来使用时,需要在陈述句句首加that(不充当任何成分),然后可使“that+陈述句”这一结构分别充当令一句子的主语、宾语、表语或同位语,即构成主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句。
1)主语从句
✓Thathesaidnowordatthemeetingwasstrange.
✓Itwasstrangethathesaidnowordatthemeeting.(it强调句改写)
✓Justbecausesomethingappearsvaluabledoesnotmeanthatitreallyvaluable.(“because+陈述句”做主语,Justbecause…doesnotmean…一般固定搭配)
2)宾语从句(在不影响句义情况下,that可省略)
✓Hesaidthatnowordatthemeetingwasstrange.(宾语)
✓IassureyouthatIhadnointentionofoffendingyou.(直接宾语)
✓Theygavewhocametothemeetingapamphlet.(间接宾语)
✓Ifindthebestwaytoconcentrateistomakenotesonwhattheteachersaresaying.(介词宾语)
✓Webelieveittruethatthehumanbodyisalsokindofgoodconductor.(复合宾语结构中,宾语从句甩到补足语后,“主+谓+形式宾语it+宾语补足语+宾语从句)
3)表语从句
Myideaisthatthechildshouldbesenttoschool.
4)同位语从句
✓Thefactthathesucceededintheexperimentpleasedeverybody.(名词+that+陈述句)
✓Asayinggoesthatpracticemakesperfect.(名词+谓语+that+陈述句)
✓Thestatementbythedriverofthevehiclethathedidnotseethelorrywasrejectedbythecourt.(名词+谓语+that+陈述句)
(二)一般疑问句作句子成分
当把一个一般疑问句当作名词使用时,需先将疑问句的倒装语序变为陈述语序,并在句首加上whether或if(只在宾语从句用)引导,然后把“whether+陈述句”这一结构分别充当另一个句子的主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
If不和ornot直接连用,即无ifornot,但可以说if…ornot.Whether没有此限制。
1)主语从句
Whetherhewillcometomypartymakesnodifferencetome.
2)宾语从句(在不影响句义情况下,that可省略)
Idon`tknowif/whetherheneedsmyhelp.
3)表语从句
Myquestioniswhetherpeoplewillliveonthemoonsomeday.
4)同位语从句
Scientistshavearguedoverthequestionwhetherthereislifeonotherplanet.
(三)特殊疑问句作句子成分
当把一个特殊疑问句当作名词来使用时,需先将疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述语序,然后分别充当另一个句子的主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
1)主语从句
Whydinosaursbecameextinctisstillamystery.
2)宾语从句(在不影响句义情况下,that可省略)
Idon`tknowhowmanylettersthereareintheEnglishalphabet.
3)表语从句
Moneyiswhatwearebadlyinneedof.
4)同位语从句
Therearosethequestionwherewecouldgettheloan.
(四)从句嵌套
✓IrealizedthatwhatIsaidwasnotexactlywhatImeanttosay.
✓Thequestionishowwhatyouhavelearnedcanbeputintopractice.
分析嵌套语句的方法:
连词与动词配比原则
连词后面必然是从句,从句中必然有谓语,每个连词后面必然找到一个与之对应的谓语。
定语从句(形容词从句)
先行词:
被定语从句所修饰的对象。
可以是词、短语、分句、完整句。
关系词:
重复指代先行词,连接主句和从句,并在定于从句中充当一定成分的连接词。
(代词和连词作用)
关系代词:
指代“人”:
who(不用在介词后面时可完全顶替whom)、that、whose
指代“物”:
which、that、whose
关系副词:
when、where、why
(一)关系词用作从句的主语
Ilikeguyswhohaveagoodsenseofhumor.
(二)关系词用作从句的宾语(关系词可省略)
I’dreallyliketofindafriend(who)Icantrustcompletely.(动词的宾语)
I’mtalkingaboutfriends(who)youcansharealmosteverythingwith.(介词的宾语)
(三)先行词为短语或句子
Helikesclimbingmountains,whichisagoodexercise.(短语)
Tomwaslate,whichsurprisedme.(完整句子)
(四)限制性定语从句与非限制性定于从句
限制性定于从句:
不用逗号分开,对一个名词提供必要的信息,若去掉从句将使主句含义不明。
Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’sintelligence.
非限制性定于从句:
用逗号分开,对先行词的进一步解释、补充,可以去掉从句而不影响主句表意。
Mymother,whois50thisyear,liveswithmenow.
(五)定语从句与同位语从句的区分
定语从句:
that在句中要充当成分,“名词+that+不完整句子”=形容词
Therumorthathespreadeverywhereturnedouttobeuntrue.
同位语从句:
that在句中只作连词,“名词+that+完整句子”=名词
TherumorthatTomwasathiefturnedouttobeuntrue.
(六)先行词的特殊位置特点
✓先行词+其他定语+定语从句
Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplantmustbedissolvedinthesoilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.
✓先行词+状语+定语从句
Neverleavethingsuntiltomorrowwhichyoucandotoday.
✓作主语的先行词+谓语+定语从句
Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.(根据“尾重原则”将复杂的定语从句甩到句末)
如何准确判断先行词:
1)先准确理解定语从句本身意思,寻找关键词(与先行词构成的反义类比词),查看谓语单复数,查看从句的关系词。
2)结合先行词的结构特点和位置特点,在关系词前定位。
(七)介词+关系代词
✓看从句选介词
Thegoalsforwhichhehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim.
✓看先行词选介词
Theeasewithwhichhecrackedthecomplexsentencewasunbelievable.
withease、attherate、inthedirection、totheextent、tothedegree、atthetemperature、bythemeans、bythemode、inaculture、inpractice
✓所属关系时用介词of
Thecompany,ofwhichMeachealwasuntilrecentlythechairman,hasmadelossofthreemillionpoundsthisyear.
✓固定的介宾短语
Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweshouldwaitforhim.(which指前面的句子)
inthiscase、inone’shonor(纪念某人)、withone’shelp
状语从句(副词从句)
(一)时间状语从句
Iwastelephoningwhensuddenlythedoorbellrang.(瞬时)
YouwaitherewhileIgoandgetit.(延续)
UntilIcameback,hewaswaitingformeatmyhome.(延续+until+短暂或时间点)
Ididn’tleavetheofficeuntil12o’clocklastnight.(非短暂+until+短暂或时间点)
Thedoorbellrangimmediatelywebeganhavingdinner.(一…就…,assoonas、once、theminute、themoment、theinstant、instantly、directly)
NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.(紧接发生,hardly…when、scarcely…when、nosooner…than)
(二)地点状语从句
Adrivershouldslowdownwherethereareschools.
Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.(地点状语从句置句首时,通常表抽象含义)
(三)原因状语从句
连词:
because、for、as、since
✓PerhapsbecauseIamhandsomeandsuccessful,myfriendsdislikeme.(只有because才能回答why,才能被强调词only、just、perhaps修饰,因为其语气最强)
✓Sincewedon’thaveclasstomorrow,whynotgooutforapicnic?
(since=as表示已知事实,不需强调原因,所以经常译成“既然”)
介词:
becauseof、dueto、owingto
Owingtohiscarelesswehadanaccident.(owingto常置句首)
Wehadanaccidentduetohiscarelessness.(dueto常置句中)
(四)目的状语从句
inorderthat、that、sothat
✓IturnedofftheTVsothatmyroommatecouldstudyinpeace.
✓Inorderthatmyroommatecouldstudyinpeace,IturnedofftheTV.(inorderthat、sothat可因强调而倒装)
(五)结果状语从句
so…that…、such…that…
✓IwassolatethatIdidn’thavetimetodoit.(so+形容词或副词)
✓Suchafoolwashethathebelievedher.(such+名词)(倒装)
(六)条件状语从句
if、unless(如果不)、aslongas、solongas、suppose、supposing、providing/provided(如果)、onconditionthat
✓Aslongasyouworkhardenough,anironrodcanbegroundintoaneedle.
✓Knowledgehelpsyoutoreachthedestinationprovidedyou
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