毕业论文外文资料翻译农民社区的连接和生态农业的未来学位论文.docx
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毕业论文外文资料翻译农民社区的连接和生态农业的未来学位论文.docx
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毕业论文外文资料翻译农民社区的连接和生态农业的未来学位论文
AgricultureandHumanValues,(2006),23:
75–88
农民社区的连接和生态农业的未来
作者:
SonjaBrodt1,GailFeenstra2,RobinKozloff3,KarenKlonsky4,andLauraTourte5
作者单位:
1DivisionofAgricultureandNaturalResources,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California,USA;2SustainableAgriculture
ResearchandEducationProgram,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California,USA;3PrivateConsultant,Davis,California,USA;
4DepartmentofAgriculturalandResourceEconomics,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California,USA;5SantaCruzCounty
Abstract.
Whilequestionsabouttheenvironmentalsustainabilityofcontemporaryfarmingpracticesandthe
socioeconomicviabilityofruralcommunitiesareattractingincreasingattentionthroughouttheUS,thesetwoissues
arerarelyconsideredtogether.Thispaperexploresthecurrentandpotentialconnectionsbetweenthesetwoaspectsof
sustainability,usingdataoncommunitymembers’andfarmers’viewsofagriculturalissuesinCalifornia’sCentral
Valley.Theseviewswerecollectedfromaseriesofindividualandgroupinterviewswithbiologicallyorientedand
conventionalfarmersaswellascommunitystakeholders.Localmarketing,farmlandpreservation,andperceptionsof
sustainableagriculturecomprisedtheprimarytopicsofdiscussion.Themixedresultsindicatethat,whilemany
farmersandcommunitymembershaveastronginterestinthesetopics,sustainablecommunitydevelopmentandthe
useofsustainablefarmingpracticesareseldomexplicitlylinked.Ontheotherhand,manyseparateeffortsaroundthe
Valleytoincreaselocalmarketingandagritourism,improvepubliceducationaboutagriculture,andorganizegrassroots
farmlandpreservationinitiativesweredocumented.Weconcludethatlinkingtheseeffortsmoreexplicitlyto
sustainableagricultureandpromotingmoreengagementbetweenecologicallyorientedfarmersandtheircommunities
couldengendermoreeconomicandpoliticalsupportforthesefarmers,helpingthemandtheircommunitiestoachieve
greatersustainabilityinthelongrun.
Keywords:
California’sCentralValley,Communitydevelopment,Farmer-consumerconnections,Farmlandpreservation,
Localmarketing,Sustainableagriculture
摘要:
虽然关于现代农业实践的环境可持续性和农村社区社会经济的可行性在全美国引起了越来越多的关注,但这两个问题很少在一起考虑过。
这篇论文运用加利弗尼亚州的中央谷的区民和农民在农业问题上的观点的数据探究这两方面现在和潜在的联系。
这些观点从一些个人和以生物为导向的一群组和传统农民还有社区利益相关者中收集来的。
地方行销、耕地保护和可持续发展农业观点组成主要的讨论话题综合结果表明,虽然许多农民和区民对这些话题有强烈的兴趣,但可持续社区发展和可持续农业实践的利用很少明确的联系到一起。
在另一方面,许多单独的努力在提高地方行政和农业旅游,提高关于农业的公共教育和组织基层农田保护倡议都已用文件证明。
我们推测将这些努力联系的更明确和促进以经济为导向的农民和他们的社区更多的参与能够为这些农民产生更多经济上和政治上的支持,帮助他们和社区长远地更加可持续性。
关键词:
加利弗尼亚州的中央谷,社区发展,农民—消费者关联,农田保护,地方行销,可持续发展
1Introduction
TwoincreasinglyimportantareasofpublicconcernhaveemergedaroundUSagriculture.Oneistheenvironmentalhavesuggestedthatenvironmentalsustainabilityandcommunityviabilityareinherentlylinkedandaremosteffectivelyaddressedtogether(Flora,1990;Birdetal.,1995;Campbell,1997).Thispaperdrawsfromastudyofcommunitymembersandfarmers’viewsofprominentagriculturalissuesinCalifornia’sCentralValleytoexplorepossiblebeneficialconnectionsbetweensustainableagricultureandruralcommunitydevelopment,andtodeterminewherethisnationallyimportantagricultural
regionstandsintermsofmakingtheseconnections.
1前言
公众关注的两个日益重要的领域出现在美国农业。
一个是现代农业技术带来的环境危害,另一个是农村社区和家庭农场的社会经济的持续性。
显然一些以前的拙作以表明环境可持续性和社区可行性是内在ianxi在一起的,并且最为有效地一起处理,但是这两个问题经常被分割地研究。
这篇论文从研究加利弗尼亚州的中央谷的社区居民和农民在突出的农业问题方面的观点的课题中推测并研究可持续农业和农场社区发展之间所存在的可能的有利联系,并依据这些联系来决定国家级重要的农业区的所在地。
2Conceptualframeworkandlocalcontext
2.1Conceptualframework:
Sustainableagricultureandcommunitydevelopment
Theneedforanagriculturethatmakesmoresustainableuseofnaturalresourceshasbecomeincreasinglyclear.Thepollutionofoursoil,water,andairarebutafewofthedetrimentalenvironmentalimpactsofmanyagriculturalpracticesstillcommonlyused(Kegleyetal.,1999;EPA,2000;Griffinetal.,2002).Atthesametime,aneedforimprovementsinthesocialandeconomicsustainabilityoffarmingisalsogainingpublicityinthewakeofthecontinuinglossoffamilyfarms;growthofsuburbansprawl(MedvitzandSokolow,1995);highhealthrisksandlowcompensationratestofarmworkers(Villarejoetal.,2000);andresultinglossofvitalityamongruralcommunitiesnationwide(AllenandSachs,1993).
Someauthorshavebeguntoaddressthesediverseissuesholisticallybylinkingsustainableagriculturetocommunitydevelopment,suggestingthatashifttomoresustainablefarmingpractices–whichrelymoreonnaturalecologicalprocessesthanonsyntheticchemical
interventions–willnotonlyprotectthenaturalenvironment,butwillalsoinherentlybenefitruralcommunities(Birdetal.,1995;DobbsandCole,1992;Flora,
1990,2001).Proponentsofthisviewhaveusedsocioeconomicaswellasphilosophicalperspectivestoargueforthecommunitybenefitsofsustainableagriculture.
Onesocioeconomicargumentrelatestofarmstructureandrestsontheassumptionthatsustainableagricultureismorelabor-,information-,andmanagement-intensive.
Therefore,itisthoughttofavorsmaller,familyrunfarmsoverlargercorporatefarms(forsummariesoftheseargumentsseeDobbsandCole,1992;Lasleyetal.,1993).Toourknowledge,theargumentthatsustainableagriculturewillleadtoapredominanceofsmallerfarmshasyettobeempiricallysubstantiatedandislikelytovarybycropandregion.However,thesecondpartoftheargument,thatsmallerfarmsizebenefitsruralcommunities,hasalreadybeenwidelydocumented.Manyscholarshaveshownthatlarger,moreindustriallyorganizedfarmswithlesspersonal(i.e.,morecorporate)formsofownershiptendtohavenegativesocioeconomic
consequencesforlocalcommunities(Goldschmidt,1947;Lobao,1990;WelshandLyson,2001).Tolbertetal.alsodemonstrateempiricallythatsmallandmidsizedfirmsofmanytypes(notjustfarms)tendtobe
more‘‘anchoredtoplacebysocialandeconomicrelationships’’(1998:
404)andtherebyfosterhigherlevelsofcivicengagementwithinruralcommunities.Thisengagement,inturn,enhancescommunitywelfareaccordingtoseveralstandardsocio-economicindicators.Oneadditionaleconomicargumentisthatsustainablefarmingpracticestendtorequiremorelocallyproducedinputs,toreplaceagrochemicalsobtainedindistantmarkets,andsotheywillincreaselocaltradeandsupportbusinesseswithincommunities.Preliminaryevidence,however,suggeststhatthelattercannothappenwhen
localeconomiesarenotyetsetuptoprovidethetypesofinputsalternativefarmersneed(DobbsandCole,1992).Someauthorsattributecommunitybenefitstoapresumedtendencyofsustainableagriculturetobringabout
amorecommunallymindedstyleoffarmingthroughitsveryphilosophy.AccordingtoLasleyetal.(1993)andKirschenmann(1992),thisphilosophyadvocatesnotonlyworkinginconcertwithnature,butalsocooperating
withone’sneighborsandfosteringacommunalspirit.
Suchclaimssuggestthatbecausesustainablefarmersmustunderstandtherelationshipsbetweentheircropsandthesurroundingenvironment,theyarealsomorepredisposedtoviewthemselvesasembeddedinlocalcommunityrelationsthatareessentialtotheirwell-being.Flora(1990)likewisearguesthatsustainableagriculture,withitsfoodqualityconcerns,isinherentlymoreconsumer-orientedandmorecloselytiedtolocalmarkets.Sustainablefarmers,therefore,maybeintrinsicallymoredisposedtowardscivicparticipationandworkingtogethertoachieveregionalself-sufficiency.
Civicparticipation,inturn,canbenefitthefarmersthemselvesbyhelpingthemtobuildsocialcapital.AccordingtoPutnam(1995)andColeman(1990),socialcapitalisthesetofresourcesinherentininterpersonalrelationshipsandsocialorganizationthatcanbeusedtoenhancecooperationformutualbenefit.Theseresourcesincludenotonlyfamilyandcommunityrelationships,butalsonormsofreciprocityandrelationsofauthorityandtrust.Socialcapitalcanfacilitateeffectiveresourcemobilizationandcommunity-basedproblemsolving(Flora,1995).Sustainablefarmersinparticularneedtofacilitatesuchprocessestodevelopalternativeinformation
servicesandknowledgenetworksaswellasalternativeinputsourcesandstablemarketsfortheirproducts.Socialcapitalthatextendsintothewider,non-farmingcommunitycanalsohelpruralcommunitiesandfarmers.Aconsumingpublicthatunderstandshowahealthyfoodsystemworksandthatseesthelinksbetweenitsownhealthandthehealthoffarmcommunitiesismorelikely
tosupportpoliciesbeneficialtoagriculture.Sustainablefarmersespeciallyneedthesupportofeducatedconsumersinordertosurvivewithinthedominanteconomicandpolicyframeworkthatoftenstillfavorsmoreindustrialscaleandconventionalmodesofproduction(Dahlberg,1993).Consumerscandevelopanunderstandingofagriculturethroughappropriateeducationandbyengagingwithfarmersindirectmarketingmechanismssuchassubscriptionfarming,farmersmarkets,andfarm-to-schoolprograms.Analreadyabundantliteratureonlocalfoodsystemsdetailsthenumerouseconomicandsocialbenefitsaccruingtobothfarmersandconsumerswhentheyarere-connectedindirectmarketingschemes(seeLysonetal.,1995;Feenstra,1997).
InthisexploratorypaperwewillinvestigatetheconnectionsbetweensustainableagricultureandcommunitydevelopmentbydrawingoninterviewswithfarmersandcommunitystakeholdersfromCalifornia’sCentral
Valley.Wewillfocusonafewkeyquestionsasameansofexploringaselectionofthebroaderargumentsoutlinedabove.Dofarmerspracticingamoreenvironmentallysustainableagriculturealsoengageinlocalcommunity
problem-solving
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- 关 键 词:
- 毕业论文 外文 资料 翻译 农民 社区 连接 生态农业 未来 学位 论文
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