NO42.docx
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NO42.docx
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NO42
1Physicistsrejectedtheinnovativeexperimental
techniquebecause,althoughit----some
problems,italsoproducednew----.
Aclarified..data
Beased..interpretations
Cresolved..complications
Dcaused..hypotheses
Erevealed..inconsistencies
2Duringaperiodofprotractedillness,thesick
canbecomeinfirm,----boththestrengthto
workandmanyofthespecificskillstheyonce
possessed.
Aregaining
Bdenying
Cpursuing
Dinsuring
Elosing
3Thepressureofpopulationonavailable
resourcesisthekeytounderstandinghistory;
consequently,anyhistoricalwritingthattakes
nocognizanceof----factsis----flawed.
Ademographic..intrinsically
Becological..marginally
Ccultural..substantively
Dpsychological..philosophically
Epolitical..demonstratively
4ItispuzzlingtoobservethatJones'snovelhas
recentlybeencriticizedforits----structure,
sincecommentatorshavetraditionallyargued
thatitsmostobvious----isitsrelentlesslyrigid,
indeedschematic,framework.
Aattentionto..preoccupation
Bspeculationabout..characteristic
Cparodyof..disparity
Dviolationof..contradiction
Elackof..flaw
5Itcomesasnosurprisethatsocietieshavecodes
ofbehavior;thecharacterofthecodes,onthe
otherhand,canoftenbe----.
Apredictable
Bunexpected
Cadmirable
Dexplicit
Econfusing
6Thecharacterizationofhistoricalanalysisasa
formoffictionisnotlikelytobereceived----by
eitherhistoriansorliterarycritics,whoagree
thathistoryandfictiondealwith----ordersof
experience.
Aquietly..significant
Benthusiastically..shifting
Cpassively..unusual
Dsympathetically..distinct
Econtentiously..realistic
7Forsometimenow,----hasbeenpresumednot
toexist:
thecynicalconvictionthateverybody
hasanangleisconsideredwisdom.
Arationality
Bflexibility
Cdiffidence
Ddisinterestedness
Einsincerity
8STUDY:
LEARN:
:
Apervade:
encompass
Bsearch:
find
Cgather:
win
Dagree:
keep
Eaccumulate:
raise
9CORRAL:
HORSES:
:
Aden:
lions
Bmeadow:
sheep
Cherd:
cattle
Dnest:
birds
Ecoop:
chickens
10LULLABY:
SONG:
:
Anarrative:
volume
Blecture:
tutor
Cparagraph:
page
Ddiatribe:
discourse
Einvective:
compliment
11DIE:
SHAPING:
:
Aglue:
attaching
Banchor:
sailing
Cdrill:
boring
Dpedal:
propelling
Eink:
printing
12MERCENARY:
MONEY:
:
Avindictive:
revenge
Bscholarly:
library
Cimmaculate:
cleanliness
Dthirsty:
water
Ebelligerent:
invasion
13AUTHORITATIVENESS:
PUNDITS:
:
Adedication:
signatories
Bsobriety:
executors
Csensitivity:
literati
Drecklessness:
warriors
Eallegiance:
partisans
14STRUT:
WING:
:
Alever:
handle
Baxle:
wheel
Cbuttress:
wall
Dbeam:
rivet
Ewell:
pipe
15FAWN:
IMPERIOUSNESS:
:
Aequivocate:
directness
Belaborate:
originality
Cboggle:
imagination
Dmanipulate:
repression
Ecoddle:
permissiveness
16TROUBLED:
DISTRAUGHT:
:
Aannoyed:
disillusioned
Bdisturbed:
interrupted
Ccovetous:
rapacious
Doutmoded:
ostentatious
Etranquil:
placid
Theevolutionofintelligenceamong
earlylargemammalsofthegrasslands
wasdueingreatmeasuretothe
interactionbetweentwoecologically
(5)synchronizedgroupsoftheseanimals,
thehuntingcarnivoresandthe
herbivoresthattheyhunted.The
interactionresultingfromthe
differencesbetweenpredatorandprey
(10)ledtoageneralimprovementinbrain
functions;however,certaincomponents
ofintelligencewereimprovedfarmore
thanothers.
Thekindofintelligencefavoredby
(15)theinterplayofincreasinglysmarter
catchersandincreasinglykeener
escapersisdefinedbyattention-that
aspectofmindcarryingconsciousness
forwardfromonemomenttothenext.It
(20)rangesfromapassive,free-floating
awarenesstoahighlyfocused,active
fixation.Therangethroughthesestates
ismediatedbythearousalsystem,a
networkoftractsconvergingfrom
(25)sensorysystemstointegratingcenters
inthebrainstem.Fromthemorerelaxed
tothemorevigorouslevels,sensitivity
tonoveltyisincreased.Theorganismis
moreawake,morevigilant;this
(30)increasedvigilanceresultsinthe
apprehensionofevermoresubtlesignals
astheorganismbecomesmoresensitive
toitssurroundings.Theprocessesof
arousalandconcentrationgiveattention
(35)itsdirection.Arousalisatfirst
general,withafloodingofimpulsesin
thebrainstem;thengraduallythe
activationischanneled.Thusbegins
concentration,theholdingofconsistent
(40)images.Onemeaningofintelligenceis
thewayinwhichtheseimagesandother
alertlysearchedinformationareusedin
thecontextofpreviousexperience.
Consciousnesslinkspastattentionto
(45)thepresentandpermitstheintegration
ofdetailswithperceivedendsand
purposes.
Theelementsofintelligenceandcon-
sciousnesscometogethermarvelously
(50)toproducedifferentstylesinpredator
andprey.Herbivoresandcarnivores
developdifferentkindsofattention
relatedtoescapingorchasing.Although
inbothkindsofanimal,arousal
(55)stimulatestheproductionofadrenaline
andnorepinephrinebytheadrenal
glands,theeffectinherbivoresis
primarilyfear,whereasincarnivores
theeffectisprimarilyaggression.For
(60)both,arousalattunestheanimaltowhat
isahead.Perhapsitdoesnotexperience
forethoughtasweknowit,buttheanimal
doesexperiencesomethinglikeit.
Thepredatorissearchinglyaggressive,
(65)innerdirected,tunedbythenervous
systemandtheadrenalhormones,
butawareinasenseclosertohuman
consciousnessthan,say,ahungry
lizard'sinstinctivesnapatapassing
(70)beetle.Usingpasteventsasa
framework,thelargemammalpredatoris
workingoutarelationshipbetween
movementandfood,sensitiveto
possibilitiesincoldtrailsanddistant
(75)sounds-andyesterday'sunforgotten
lessons.Theherbivorepreyisofa
differentmind.Itsmoodofwariness
ratherthansearchinganditsattitude
ofgeneralexpectancyinsteadof
(80)anticipatingaresilk-thinveilsof
tranquilityoveranexplosiveendocrine
system.
17Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith
Adisprovingtheviewthatherbivores
arelessintelligentthancarnivores
Bdescribingarelationshipbetween
animals'intelligenceandtheirecological
roles
Cestablishingadirectlinkbetween
earlylargemammalsandtheirmodern
counterparts
Danalyzingtheecologicalbasisfor
thedominanceofsomecarnivoresover
othercarnivores
Edemonstratingtheimportanceof
hormonesinmentalactivity
18Theauthorreferstoahungrylizard
(lines68-69)primarilyinorderto
Ademonstratethesimilaritybetween
thehuntingmethodsofmammalsand
thoseofnonmammals
Bbroadentheapplicationofhis
argumentbyincludinganinsectivore
asanexample
Cmakeadistinctionbetweenhigher
andlowerlevelsofconsciousness
Dprovideanadditionalillustration
ofthebrutalitycharacteristicof
predators
Eofferanobjectiontosuggestions
thatallanimalslackconsciousness
19Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
inanimalslessintelligentthanthe
mammalsdiscussedinthepassage
Apastexperienceislesshelpfulin
ensuringsurvival
Battentionismorehighlyfocused
Cmuscularcoordinationislesshighly
developed
Dthereislessneedforcompetition
amongspecies
Eenvironmentismoreimportantin
establishingtheproperratioofprey
topredator
20Thesensitivitydescribedinlines70-76
ismostclearlyanexampleof
A"free-floatingawareness"(lines20-21)
B"floodingofimpulsesinthebrain
stem"(lines36-37)
C"theholdingofconsistentimages"
(lines39-40)
D"integrationofdetailswithperceived
endsandpurposes"(lines45-47)
E"silk-thinveilsoftranquility"(lines80-81)
21Theauthor'sattitudetowardthe
mammalsdiscussedinthepassage
isbestdescribedas
Asuperiorandcondescending
Blightheartedandjocular
Capologeticandconciliatory
Dwistfulandtender
Erespectfulandadmiring
22Theauthorprovidesinformationthat
wouldanswerwhichofthefollowing
questions?
I.Whyisanarousedherbivoreusually
fearful?
II.Whataresomeofthedegreesof
attentioninlargemammals?
III.Whatoccurswhenthestimulusthat
causesarousalofamammalis
removed?
AIonly
BIIIonly
CIandIIonly
DIIandIIIonly
EI,IIandIII
23Accordingtothepassage,improvement
inbrainfunctionamongearlylargemammals
resultedprimarilyfromwhichofthefollowing?
AInterplayofpredatorandprey
BPersistenceoffree-floatingawareness
inanimalsofthegrasslands
CGradualdominanceofwarm-blooded
mammalsovercold-bloodedreptiles
DInteractionofearlylargemammals
withlessintelligentspecies
EImprovementofthecapacityformemory
amongherbivoresandcarnivores
24Accordingtothepassage,astheprocess
ofarousalinanorganismcontinues,allof
thefollowingmayoccurEXCEPT
Atheproductionofadrenaline
Btheproductionofnorepinephrine
Caheighteningofsensitivitytostimuli
Danincreaseinselectivitywithrespect
tostimuli
Eanexpansionoftherangeofstates
mediatedbythebrainstem
Tocqueville,apparently,waswrong.
JacksonianAmericawasnotafluid,
egalitariansocietywhereindividual
wealthandpovertywereephemeral
(5)conditions.AtleasttoarguesE.Pessen
inhisiconoclasticstudyofthevery
richintheUnitedStatesbetween1825
and1850.
Pessendoespresentaquantityof
(10)examples,togetherwithsome
refreshinglyintelligiblestatistics,to
establishtheexistenceofan
inordinatelywealthyclass.Though
activeincommerceor
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