The Effect on the International Trade Development by the Internet.docx
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The Effect on the International Trade Development by the Internet.docx
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TheEffectontheInternationalTradeDevelopmentbytheInternet
PARTONE:
Introduction
TheInternetcreatedaneweraofbusinessinwhichdistancebarrierscanberemoved.Atthesametime,theInternetconstitutedaneasy-to-access,worldwidenetworkwhichhasalreadyhadasignificanteffectontheconductofinternationalbusiness.Andthisimpactistocontinue,changingmanyaspectsofinternationalbusinessinthefuture.
Inthisarticle,IoverviewedmajoreffectsoftheInternetonfirms’internationalization,notonlythoseeffectsthataregenerallyrecognized,butalsounresolvedkeyissues.Theelectroniclinkingtogetherofindividuals,institutionsandcompaniesinaworldwidewebhascreatedanunprecedentedpublicdatabasethatacclaimsthefinallyrealizationoftheinformationsociety.Inthisperspective,theworldwidespreadofInternetuseismuchmorethananincrementaladvanceofinformationandcommunicationtechnology(hereafterI&CT).Hence,whenreviewingtheeffectoftheInternetoninternationalbusinessdevelopment,Iwouldliketoseparateintoseveralaspects.Ontheonehand,thepervasiveeffectsoftheadvanceswithinI&CTingeneral,includingdigitization,and,ontheotherhand,thespecificeffectsoftheInternet,includinge-commerce.ThewholestructureofthisthesisispresentedasFigure1onthenextpage.
Thefigurepresentstwosidesofafirm’sinternationalization:
itsinternationalizationcapacityanditsinternationalizationpattern.Theinternationalizationcapacityofafirmreferstoacompany’sprerequisitesforinvolvingitselfsuccessfullyinfurtherinternationalactivities.Sometimes,themotivationofthecompany’sdecisionmakercouldbeconsideredintheprocess.Atabasiclevel,afirm’sinternationalizationcapacityisafirm’sresourcebaseforsuccessfulcompletionininternationaltrade.Afirm’sinternationalizationpatternreferstothedifferentdimensionsoftheactivitiesperformedoutsidethehomecountry.Forexample,thevaluechainactivitieswouldbemorefrequencyastheIntentprovidesfirmsI&CTconvenience.So,whentheaspectsoftheinternationalizationchange,thespeedofthefirm’sinternationaldevelopmentwouldaccelerateinapositiveway.Itisthesamethatwhentheaspectsofinternationalizationcapacitychange,theinternationalstructureoffirmswouldaskforabetterinternational
strategytogowith.
Figure1.VariousDimensionsofFirms’Internationalization
PARTTWO:
EffectoftheInternetonFirms’InternationalizationCapacity
2.1EffectonTechnologyResources
Accordingtothemicro-economicstheory,thesupplyexistsbecauseofthedemands.WhentheInternetinvolveinthebusinesstrade,itreallyhaveabigeffectontheincreaseofthedemand.Onthedemandside,I&CTadvanceshaveprovidedastrongimpetusforfirmstobecomeinvolvedininternationalbusinessoperations.ThatisbecausetheInternethasgreatlyenhancedfirms’abilitytospotinternationalbusinessopportunities.Notonlyfirmscouldfindbetterstrategypartnersforreducingthecost,butalsotheycouldfindbigmarketsforsales.Atthesametime,theInternetisanimportanttechnologyfordigitalinformationgoods.Digitalinformationgoodsarealsocallede-products.E-productsarecharacterizedbyhighfixedcostsandnegligiblemarginalcosts.Afterhavingincurredup-frontinvestmentcosts,thee-productshaveastrongincentivetoofferasmanycustomersaspossible.Thus,thecoststructureofe-productsencouragestheproducertoachieveglobalscaleeconomiestoobtainmorecustomers.Inanotherword,theInternetcouldhelpthefirmstogetthescaleeconomicsmoreeasily.Moreover,scaleeconomicsandnetworkexternalitiesprovideastrongincentivefore-productproviderstoexpandbeyondthehomemarket.
Incontrast,itcouldbearguedthatI&CTadvancesingeneralhavediminishedthemotivationforproducersofphysicalproduct.Becauseofinformationtechnologydevelopment,manyproducershavedigitizedtheirmanufacturingprocessesinordertoenhanceprecisionandsavemanualwork.However,thedigitizationofproductionprocesseshasalsoreducedthecostsofswitchingfromonelineofmanufacturingtoanother,therebyenablingmoreflexibleproductionwithalowerminimumefficientscaleofoperations.Furthermore,I&CTinvestmenthaveincreasedcost,relativetooutput,havegonedowndramaticallyoverthepasttwodecades.BothofI&CTeffectshavepulledinthedirectionofmarketingsmall-scaleproductionmoreeconomical.Allelsebeingequal,bettereconomicconditionsformsmall-scaleproductionreducefirms’incentivetoinvolvethemselvesininternationalbusinessoperationsbecausetheprobabilityhasincreasedthatdemandinthehomemarketwillexceedtheminimumefficientscaleoflocalproduction.Also,withmoreflexibleproductiontheriskofexcessproductioncapacitydiminishes.Excessproductioncapacityisconsideredtobeanimportantmotiveforexportinvolvement.Hence,I&CTadvancesintermsofdigitizationwouldappeartohavereducedthepressureonproducersofphysicalgoodstogointernationalduetoproductioneconomics.
IfwetakealookathowtheInternetaffectstheinterplaybetweenfirms’productioneconomiesandinternationalizationeconomiesofscope,ratherthanofscale,theInternethasenhancedthepossibilitiesoffindingpotentialforeignpartnersinpossessionofcomplementaryassetswithwhichafirmmayshareproductionfacilitiesandtechnology.
Apparently,theInternetprovidesfirmsnotonlybettercommunication,butalsodigitizationofgoodsandservices.Atthesametime,theInternethaschangedproductioneconomiesinwaysthatgivetermsastrongimpetustointernationalize.OnemayconcludethatI&CTadvances,includingtheInternet,haveimprovedtheinternationalizationcapacityoffirmsintermsoftechnologyandproductionresources.However,theincreasedincentivetointernationalizeiscommontoallfirms.Withmorefirmscateringtocustomersoutsidetheirhomemarket,internationalcompetitioninevitablybecomesstronger.Thecrucialquestionforafirm’smanagement,therefore,istowhatextentimprovedcompetitorspursuingsimilarscaleandscopeeconomies.TheInternetappearstobeanexcellentinstrumentforgaugingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageinaninternationalsetting.Withitsoutstandingsearchcapabilities,theInternetmayassisttheindividualfirminbenchmarkingitselfagainstitsinternationalcompetitors.
2.2EffectonHumanResources
TheInternethashadimportanteffectsonthewayinwhichpeoplearemanagedwithininternationalcompanies.Firstofall,thatisthestaffthatcouldhelpthefirmtodevelopglobaloperationsviatheInternet.Anditisthestaff’sabilitiesthatcarryoutarangeofnewactivitiesanddealwithavarietyofnewtechnologies.Thiswillplacemajordemandonthehumanresourcesfunctiontofindtheappropriatestaff,eitherinsideoroutsidetheorganization.Arangeofnewskillshastobedeveloped,nottheleastbeing,forsome,tooperateinacrossculturalenvironmentwithoutthenormalperson-to-personexchanges.Thisisprobablythemostdemandingaspectofglobale-commerce,althoughtheemergenceofinternationalcallcentershasdemonstratedthatstaffcanbetrainedtoundertakearangeoffunctions,andcommunicatewithcustomersinavarietyoflanguages,andevendialects,inarelativelyimpersonalinternationalenvironment,therapidgrowthofcallcentersanddocumentprocessingfacilitiesinIndiahasdemonstratedsomethingofthepossibilitiesinthisarea.Movesinthisdirection,however,makeitsomewhatmoredifficultformanagementtodecidewhenitmaybenecessarytomovebetweene-servicingandmoretraditionalformsofcustomerservicing.Inestablishingcentralizede-responsesystems,companiescancreatebarrierstotheholistic,seamlessservicingofcustomers.
Particularlyincross-culturesituations,companieswilloftenhavetodevelopperson-to-personencounterswithforeigncustomersatanearlystageintheprocessofforeignmarketentry.Thelinkbetweene-servicingandmorepersonalizedapproachestoforeigncustomers,therefore,maydependonsomeindividualswhocanmoveeasilybetweenthesedifferentformsofcustomerservicing.Again,thedemandonhigherlevelsoftrainingandskillsmaybeconsiderable,aswellasgreaterflexibilityonthepartofstaff.ItwouldseemthatcompaniesusingtheInternetintheinternationalarenaareonlyjustcomingtotermswiththedemandsandpossibilitiesofthenewInternet-drivenenvironmentforstaffingandtrainingissues.
Intoday’sworld,I&CTadvanceshavealreadyimprovedconditionsforexpatriationandshorttermassignmentsbymakingitmucheasierfortheexpatriateandone’sfamilytokeepincontactwithnetworksbackhome.WiththeInternet,however,conditionsforvirtualteamsandvirtualassignmentshaveimprovedsignificantlyaswell.Theinterestprovidesfirmstheopportunitytohaveteamsandvirtualassignment.Atthesametime,thefirmscouldstillorganize,managestaffsandgainprofitsbytheInternettechnology.Foreignassignment,nomatterhowshorttheyare,representsacostlysideofinternationalfirms’operations,andthereforeacontinuingincentiveforthesearchforalternatives,forfirmsalwayssearchformoreprofitafterincreasingthecost.
2.3EffectonFinancialResources
Financialresourcesarefirms’veryimportantresourcethatwillaffectfirms’existanddevelopments.Ifonecouldeasilyunderstandhowcomputershelpinfinancialmanagement,especiallytheuseoffinancialmanagementsoftware,itwillnotbedifficulttounderstandhowmuchfinancialischangedbytheInternet.Basically,I&CTenablefirmstogettheinfo
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