毕业设计中英文翻译范本模板.docx
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毕业设计中英文翻译范本模板.docx
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毕业设计中英文翻译范本模板
英文
Theroad(highway)
Theroadisonekindoflinearconstructionusedfortravel。
Itismadeoftheroadbed,theroadsurface,thebridge,theculvertandthetunnel.Inaddition,italsohasthecrossingoflines,theprotectiveprojectandthetrafficengineeringandtheroutefacility。
Theroadbedisthebaseofroadsurface,roadshoulder,sideslope,sideditchfoundations.Itisstonematerialstructure,whichisdesignedaccordingtoroute'splaneposition.Theroadbed,asthebaseoftravel,mustguaranteethatithastheenoughintensityandthestabilitythatcanpreventthewaterandothernaturaldisasterfromcorroding.
Theroadsurfaceisthesurfaceofroad.Itissingleorcomplexstructurebuiltwithmixture。
Theroadsurfacerequirebeingsmooth,havingenoughintensity,goodstabilityandanti—slipperyfunction.Thequalityofroadsurfacedirectlyaffectsthesafe,comfortandthetraffic。
Theroutemarkingisonekindoftrafficsafetyfacilitypaintedbyoilpaintormadebytheconcreteandtilesonhigh—level,lesshigh—typesurface。
Itsfunctioniscoordinatingthesigntomaketheeffectivecontroltothetransportation,directingthevehiclesskiproadtravel,servingunimpededandthesafepurpose.Ourcountry’sroadroutemarkinghasthelanemedianline,thetrafficlaneboundary,thecurbline,theparkingline,theconductioncurrentbelt,thepedestriancrossingline,thefourcornerscentercircle,theparkingazimuthline.Theroutemarkinghasthecontinualsolidline,thebrokenlineandthearrowindicatoranditscolorusesthewhiteortheyellow.
Thearchofbridgeisthestructurewhichstridesoverrivers,mountainvalleyandchannel。
Itismadegenerallybysteelrod,concreteandstone。
Thetunnelisthecavewhichconnectsbothsidesoftheroad。
Thetechniqueofthisconstructionisverycomplex,thecostoftheprojectsishigherthancommonroad.However,itreducesthedrivingdistancebetweentwoplaces,enhancesthegradeofthetechnicalinbuildingtheroadandguaranteesthecarscandrivefastandsafely,thusreducesthecostoftransportation。
Theprotectiveprojectistoprotectandconsolidatetheroadbedinorderthatitcanguaranteetheintensityandthestabilityoftheroad,thusmaintainstheautomobiletopassthroughsafely。
Inordertoguaranteethatsafeoperationofthehighwaytransportation,besidesthehighwayengineeringandthevehiclesperformance,itmusthavesometrafficsignal,routemarking,eachkindofdirectoranddemonstratefacility.Thehighwaymarkingusescertainmarkanddrawsymbol,simplewordsandnumber,theninstallsinthesuitableplacetoindicatethefrontroad'sconditionortheaccidentconditionincludingtheinformationalsign,thewarningsignal,theprohibitorysign,theroadsignandsoon。
TheroadwhichJoincity,villageandindustry,mainlyareusedfortheautomobileandhascertaintechnicalstandardandthefacilitypathcanbecalledthehighway。
“Thehighway”inChineseisthemodernview,butitwasnotexistedinoldday。
Itgetsthenamefromthemeaningofbeingusedforthepublictraffic.Wherearethehuman,therearetheroad.Itisatruth。
However,theroadisnotthehighway。
Ifwetalkthehistoryabouttheroad,theearliesthighwayisthatbuiltbytheoldEgyptiansformakingthepyramid.NextisthestreetwhichbuiltbytheBabylonpeopleabout4000yearsago.Allthesearemuchearlierthanourcountry。
About500B.C。
thePersianEmpireroadhaslinkedupEastandWest,andconnectedtheroadtoChina.ItistheearliestandlongestSilkRoad.2500yearsago,itmightbethegreatestroad。
TheancientRomeEmpire’sroadwasoncecelebrated;ittookRomeasthecenter,allaroundbuilt29roads。
Thereforeitcameoutonecommonsaying:
everyroadleadstoRome。
Theroad’sconstructionistheprocesstoenhancetechniqueandrenewthebuildingmaterials。
Theearliestistheoldroad,itiseasytobuildbutitisalsotodestroy。
Ifthereistoomuchwaterorcars,itwillbeunevenandevenbedestroyed.ThemacadamroadappearedintheEuropewhichoutbalancedtheearliestmudroad.ThenthebrickroadappearedwhichwasearlierthanChina.Itwasonegreatbreachthatwemoldedbitumenonthemacadamroad。
Fromancienttimestothepresent,Chinahascourierstationandcourierroad,whilethefirstmoreadvanceroadwastheonethatfromLongZhouinGangXitoZhenNanGuanin1906.
ThedifferencebetweenRoadandpath
Thepathistheprojectforeachkindofvehiclesandpeopletopassthrough.Accordingtoitsfunction,wecandivideitintotheurbanroad,theroad,thefactoriesandminespath,theforestroadandcountyroad。
Theclassificationofroad
First,accordingtoadministrativerank,itincludesnationalhighway,provinceroad,countyroadandthespecialroad.Generallythenationalhighwayandprovinceroadarenamedmainline;thecountyroadisnamedbranchline.
Thenationalroadisthemainlineandhaspoliticalandeconomysignificance,includingtheimportantnationaldefenseroadandtheroadcollectingourcapitalwithotherprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalities.Itisalsotheroadlinkstheeconomycenter,seaporthinge,factoryandimportantstrategicplace。
Thehighwaystridingoverdifferentprovincesarebuilt,protectedandmanagedbythespecialorganizationswhichareapprovedbytheministryofcommunications。
Theprovincialroadisthemainlinebuilt,protected,managedbytheroadmanagedepartment.Itisfullofpoliticalandeconomicsensetothewholeprovince.
Thesinglewayfourlevelsofroadscanadaptbeloweachdayandnightmedium—dutytruckvolumeoftraffic200。
Thecountyrouteisreferstohascounty—wide(county—levelcity)politics,theeconom—icsignificance,connectsinthecountyandthecountythemaintownship(town),theprin—cipalcommoditiesproductionandthecollectionanddistributioncenterroad,aswellasdoesnotbelongtothefederalhighway,provincialroad'scountybordertheroad。
Thecoun-tyroutebythecounty,thecityroadDepartmentresponsiblefortheworkisresponsible
toconstruct,themaintenanceandthemanagement。
Thetownshiproadreferstomainlytheroadwhichforthetownship(town)thevilla-geeconomy,theculture,theadministrationserves,aswellasdoesnotbelongtoabovet—hecountyroutebetweenroad’stownshipandthetownshipandthetownshipandtheexte—riorcontactroad。
Townshipisresponsiblebythepeople’sgovernmenttoconstruct,them-aintenanceandthemanagement。
Thespecial—purposeroadisreferstofeedsspeciallyormainlysuppliesthefactoriesandmines,theforestregion,thefarm,theoilfield,thetouristarea,themilitaryimportantplaceandsoonandtheexternalrelationsroad.Thespecial—purposeroadisresponsiblebythespecial-purposeunittoconstruct,themaintenanceandthemanagement.Mayalsoentrustthelocalroaddepartmenttoconstruct,themaintenanceandthemanagement.
Second,accordingtotheuseduty,thefunctionandadaptsthevolumeoftrafficdivision。
Accordingtoourcountrypresent”HighwayengineeringTechnicalstandard”theroadaccordingtotheuseduty,thefunctionandtheadaptationvolumeoftra—fficdividesintohighway,arterialroad,second-classroad,tertiaryhighway,fourlevelofroadfiveranks:
1st,thehighwaytofeedspeciallytheautomobileandshouldcontrolthedifferencec—ompletelyrespectivelytowardthedividingstriponroadstravelthemultiplehighway。
Thefourtrafficlanehighwaysoughttobeabletoadapteachkindofautomobilereducepassengervehicle’syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic25000~55000.
Thesixtrafficlanehighwaysoughttobeabletoadapteachkindofautomobilereducepassengervehicle'syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic45000~80000.
Theeighttrafficlanehighwaysoughttobeabletoadapteachkindofautomobiler—educepassengervehicle'syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic60000~100000。
2nd,thearterialroadtosupplytheautomobileandmayaccordingtoneedtocontrolthedifferencerespectivelytowardthedividingstriponroadstravelthemultiplehighway.
Thefourtrafficlanearterialroadsoughttobeabletoadapteachkindofautomobilreducepassengervehicle’syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic15000~30000.
Thesixtrafficlanearterialroadsoughttobeabletoadapteachkindofautomobilereducepassengervehicle’syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic25000~55000.
3rd,thesecond-classroadtosupplytheautomobiletravelthetwo-lanehighway.
Canadapteachdayandnights3000~7500medium—dutytruckvolumeoftrafficgenerally。
4rd,tertiaryhighwaystomainlysupplytheautomobiletravelthetwo—lanehighway。
Canadapteachdayandnights1000~4000medium-dutytruckvolumeoftrafficgenerally.
The5,fourlevelsofroadstomainlysupplytheautomobiletravelthetwo-laneorthesingle—lanehighway.
Thetwo—lanefourlevelsofroadscanadaptbeloweachdayandnightmedium—dutytruckvolumeoftraffic1500.
HighwayengineeringincludesHighwayplanninglocationdesignandmaintenance。
BeforethedesignandconstructionofanewhighwayorhighwayimprovementcanbeundertakentheremintbegeneralplaningandconsiderationoffinancingAspartofgeneralplanningitisdecidedwhatthetrafficneedofthereawillbeforaconsiderableperiod,generally20years,andwhatconstructionwillmeetthoseneeds.Toassesstrafficneedsthehighwayengineercollectsandanalyzesinformationaboutthephysicalfeaturesofexistingfacilities,thevolume,distribution,andcharacterofpresenttraffic,andthechangestobeexpectedinthesefactor.Thehighwayengineermustdeterminethemostsuitablelocationlayout,andcapacityofthenewrouteandstructures。
Frequently,a
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