跨文化交际背景下的中英文禁忌语对比研究英语专业毕业论文2.docx
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跨文化交际背景下的中英文禁忌语对比研究英语专业毕业论文2.docx
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跨文化交际背景下的中英文禁忌语对比研究英语专业毕业论文2
跨文化交际背景下的中英文禁忌语对比研究
【关键词】比较;英国禁忌语;中国禁忌语;跨文化交际
I.Introduction
InChina, “入境而问禁;入国而问俗;入门而问讳”1havebeenanormofbehaviorforthousandsofyears.Similarly,inwest,“wheninRome,doastheRomansdo.”isalsothenormofwestern.Forthepurposeofsuccessfulinterculturalcommunication,botheastandwestpeopleallemphasizeonthestudyingtheknowledgeoftaboos.Andlinguistictabooexistsuniversallyinalmostallofthelanguagesandcultures.Theviolationoflinguistictabooisregardedimpoliteandoffensive,butpeoplefromdifferentculturesdonotallagreeonwhatarelinguistictaboosandwhatshouldbetabooed.Eventaboointhesamethingmayhavedifferentimplications,sincepeoplefromdifferentcultureshaveestablisheddifferentsocialcustomsandculturalorientations.Ininterculturalcommunication,theymayinterpreteachother’s speechandbehaviorinaccordancewiththeirownbeliefsandvaluesandadoptdifferentpolitenessstrategiestoachievetheirgoals.
Atthesametime,withthedevelopmentoftransportation,informationtechnology andtheglobalizationofeconomy,communicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturesareincreasinglyfrequentandextensive.Inthisprocess,peopleareincreasinglyconsciousoftheexistenceofculturaldiversity,andtheygraduallynoticethatdifferencesproducegreatbarrierstosocialorinterculturalcommunication.
Humantoleranceanddesireforcommunicationdohelptoreducethesedifferencesandenhancemutualunderstandingbuttherearestillsomeaspectssuchassometaboosthatarebeyondpeople’sacceptabilitybecauseofitssensitiveness,misunderstanding ,unhappiness,conflictorevendisastrousconsequencesmayoccurduetotheviolationofcertaintaboos.Consideringwhathavebeenmentionedabove,wheninterculturalcommunicationoccursmorefrequentlyandmoreextensively,asystematicstudyoflinguistictaboosininterculturalcommunicationbecomesanimperative.MasteringtaboosknowledgeinChineseandEnglishhelpstocultivateinterculturalcompetence.Itisparticularconducivetothemanagementofinterpersonalandinterculturalconflicts,andenablespeopletoproduceharmoniousrelationships.AsJamesThurberhassaidinTheEastandTheWest, “Precisionofcommunicationisimportant,morethanever,inaneraofhair-triggerbalanceswhenafalseormisunderstoodwordmaycreateasmuchadisasterasasuddenthoughtlessact.”2
II.LiteratureReview
A.TheDefinitionsandFeaturesofTaboo
OxfordEnglishDictionarydefinestabooas:
wordslikelytobeconsideredoffensive,shockingorindecentbycertainpeople(thoughnotnecessarilybyeveryone).InChinesetabooisregardedastheindelicateordirtyword.TabooisexplainedbytheModernChineseDictionaryastheprohibitedwordsoractions.AccordingtomodernlinguistsRobinett,tabooisaprincipleorcriterionerectedbysociety,whichcanpreventpeoplefrombadaction.AsWardhaughstates:
“tabooisonewayinwhichasocietyexpressesitsdisapprovalofcertainkindsofbehaviorbelievedtobeharmfultoitsmembers,eitherforsupernaturalreasonsorbecausesuchbehaviorisheldtoviolateamoralcode”.Generallyspeaking,taboohasaboutitasenseofsomethingunapproachable,anditisprincipallyexpressedinprohibitionsandrestrictions.
Linguistictaboo,asacommonsocialculturalphenomenoninbotheastandwest,existsobjectively.Ithasthreefeaturesasbelow.
1.Temporality
Withthedevelopmentofthesociety,somelinguistictabooschangedandsomedisappearedorlosttheiroriginalmeaning.IntheQingdynastythepoetXuJun(徐骏)waskilledbecausehispoemhad“Qing清”inhispoem“清风不识字,何事乱翻书”.Buthewouldn’tbekilledinotherdynasties.Thepoem“清明时节雨纷纷”iswidelylovedbeforeQingdynasty.InEnglish,theword“women”wasonceatabooinVictorianAge,Itmeantmistressandadulterywife.Butnow,itlostitsoriginalmeaningandbecameacommonword.
2.Ethnocentricity
Everyethnicgrouphasitsownculturalpattern.Linguistictaboo,asanethnicphenomenon,isinfluencedbytheeconomy,socialstructureandbeliefofthewholegroup.Takeageasanexample.Chinesepeopledon’tcareaboutoldage.Sometimes,weespeciallycallsomeone “ZhangLao张老”, “WangLao王老”,forrespect.ButthisistotallyunacceptableinEnglish-speakingcountries.Intheiropinion, “old老”meansuseless,andpeoplewillfeeloffendediftheyaredescribedtobeold.SowomenkeeptheiragesecretintheEnglish-speakingcountriesandseldomtalkaboutage.
3.Context-reliability
Theusageoftaboosislimitedbythesocialconditionsandthepsychologicalfactors.Thecontextconfinestheusageofthetaboos.Informalsituationslikesocialgatheringsandbanquets,peoplewillpaymoreattentiontotaboos,whichcanbeusedinprivatesituations.AlotofChinesetaboosareconfinedbythespecialcontexts .Forexample, “帆(Fan,hasthesamepronunciationwithoverturn) ”.InEnglish, “nigger”isadiscriminativeword.TheAfrican-Americancanuseitanditwillnotcauseseriousconsequences.Butifotherethnicgroupsuseit,seriousconflictswillbecaused.
B.TheDefinitionandFeaturesofInterculturalCommunication
AccordingtoAsante,initsmostgeneralsense,interculturalcommunicationoccurswhenamemberofonecultureproducesamessageforconsumptionbyamemberofanotherculture.Moreprecisely,interculturalcommunicationisacommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.3
Frequentlytheterminterculturalcommunicationisusedwhenreferringtocommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Forinstance,ifonetalkswithhisorherAmericanteacher,interculturalcommunicationtakesplace.IfheorsheinteractswithaJapanesestudent,thereisinterculturalcommunication.Itincludesinternationalcommunication,interracialcommunication,inter-ethniccommunication,inter-regionalcommunicationandsoon.
1.Universality
Nonation,group,orculturecanremainalooforautonomous.Ifyoutouchonepartoftheworld,youtouchotherparts.Peoplecommunicatewithothersfromotherculturesinonewayoranother,especiallyinnowadayswhentheworldhasbecomeaglobalvillage.Interculturalcommunicationexistseverywhereandallthetimeinourdailylives.Noonecanshutitoffandlivetotallyalone.
2.Changeability
Interculturalcommunicationisnotnew.Wanderingnomads,religiousmissionaries,andconqueringwarriorsencounteredpeopledifferentfromthemselvessincethebeginningoftimes.Withthedevelopmentofthenewtechnologyandinformationsystems,changesintheworld’spopulationandashiftintheworld’seconomicarea,theinterculturalcommunicationhasbecomemoreandmoreaxiomaticandpervasive.Theconcretewayofinterculturalcommunicationtodayisgreatlydifferentthatinthepast.It’sdynamic.Soweshouldfaceitinaflexibleanddynamicwayratherthatinastaticway.
3.Relativity
Interculturalcommunicationisanintegratedprocessratherthanasingleactivity.Allthecomponentsareinterrelated.Thechangeofoneaspectwillcertainlybringaboutchangesinotheraspectsaswell.Thestudyofinterculturalcommunicationandpeopleshouldalsotakearelationalapproach,thatis,weshouldstudyoneaspectofinterculturalcommunicationinrelationtootheraspects.Weshouldtakeallthecomponentsintoconsiderationwhenstudyinterculturalcommunication.
C.TabooinInterculturalCommunication
Aswecansee,itisimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture.Inthemostbasicsense,whenwestudyanotherlanguage,wewillsoondiscoverthatnotonlythesymbols(words)andthesoundsforthesewordsaredifferent,butalsotherulesforusingthemandthefactorsinfluencingthemaredifferent.Languageistherecordsofculture,soitisthereflectionofculture.AccordingtoWilhelmVonHumboldtwhoistherecognizedfounderofgenerallinguistics,wecanexplaintherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureasbelow:
Everynationputsherspecialnationalintellectintolanguage,makinglanguagebecomethecarrierandreflectionofthisnationalculture.Meanwhile,herlanguageconfinesthemindandnon-verbalactivityofmen.That’swhysomescholarsholdthatlanguageispartofcultureandplaysaveryimportantro1einit.Similarly,somesocialscientistsconsiderlanguagethekeystoneofculture.Accordingtothem,culturewouldnotbepossiblewithoutlanguage.Ontheotherhand,languageisinfluencedandshapedbyculture.Itisthereflectionofculture.Thatmeans,languageisthesymbolicrepresentationofapeople,anditcomprisestheirhistoricalandculturalbackgroundsaswellastheirapproachtolifeandtheirwaysofrivingandthinking.
Linguistictabooisaveryimportantpartoflanguage.Ithassomethingtodowitheveryonefromnoblementocommonpeople.Ineverylanguage,therearelinguistictaboosmoreorless.Ineverydaylifeandwork,violationoftaboosisregardedasveryrudeandimproperevencauseveryseriousconsequences.Sopeoplewhoareencounteringpeoplefromothercultureshavetopayattentiontothedifferentusageofothers ’taboos.
Innowadays,interculturalcommunicationbetweendifferentculturesisbecomingmoreandmorefrequentanduniversal.Lackofknowledgeinthispartoflanguageespeciallyimproperuseoftabooswillundoubtedlyresultinmisunderstandings,conflictsandotherunknownseriousconsequencesininterculturalcommunications.
Inordernottocausesuchseriousconsequences,peopleshouldgetadeeperunderstandingofforeigncultureandtheusageoftaboos.
Tosumitup,interculturalcommunicationinvolvesdifferentculturesandcausestheculturalcollision.Languagehastakenasignificantresponsibilityduringthisprocess.It’sthe
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