新高考届高考英语小题必练15阅读理解之词义猜测题.docx
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新高考届高考英语小题必练15阅读理解之词义猜测题.docx
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新高考届高考英语小题必练15阅读理解之词义猜测题
小题必练15:
阅读理解之词义猜测题
1.正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步,也是理解文章的基础。
2.英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思,其含义在不同的语境中会有所不同,能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义,才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。
3.阅读文章时,常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词,但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来,这是阅读理解中经常检测的一种能力。
1.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
【典例1】(2020·某某卷C篇节选)
Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.
Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:
LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.
Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?
ADevelopingaseriousmentaldisease.
B.TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.
C.WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.
D.WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.
【答案】D
【解析】词句猜测题。
划线句是第二段首句,that用来指代上文提的事情,因此推断that指代第一段的内容,根据第一段最后一句“Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea”(几年后,仍然被这个国家所吸引。
他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章)可知,that指代写了一篇关于死海消失的文章这件事,故选D。
【点拨】文章中的代词it,that,he,him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物,其中it和that还可以指代一件事。
有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事物。
【典例2】(2020·某某卷B篇节选)
ThetrafficsignalsalongFactoriaBoulevardinBellevue,Washington,generallydon'tflashthesamelengthofgreentwiceinarow,especiallyatrushhour.At9:
30am,thefullred/yellow/greensignalcyclemightbe140seconds.By9:
33am,aburstofadditionaltrafficmightpushitto145seconds.Lesstrafficat9:
37amcouldpushitdownto135.Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.
Thatisbydesign.Bellevue,afast-growingcityjusteastofSeattle,usesasystemthatisgainingpopularityaroundtheUS:
intersection(十字路口)signalsthatcanadjustinrealtimetotrafficconditions.Theselights,knownasadaptivesignals,haveledtosignificantdeclinesinboththetroubleandcostoftravelsbetweenworkandhome.
Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?
A.Increasedlengthofgreenlights.B.Shortenedtrafficsignalcycle.
C.Flexibletimingoftrafficsignals.D.Smoothtrafficflowontheroad.
【答案】C
【解析】指代猜测题。
That位于第二段句首,应是指代第一段的内容。
根据第一段内容尤其是第一段最后一句“Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.(就像交通本身一样,信号灯的时间也会变化)”可知,第一段主要讲述的是信号灯的时间会灵活变化;“Thatisbydesign.”意为“那是有意为之”,由此可推知,That指代第一段中“信号灯的灵活时间”。
2.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
【典例】(2020·某某卷C篇节选)
Forthosewhocanstomachit,workingoutbeforebreakfastmaybemorebeneficialforhealththaneatingfirst,accordingtoastudyofmealtimingandphysicalactivity.
Theunderlinedexpression“stomachit”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“______”.
A.digestthemealeasilyB.managewithoutbreakfast
C.decidewiselywhattoeatD.eatwhateverisoffered
【答案】B
【解析】词句猜测题。
根据下文workingoutbeforebreakfastmaybemorebeneficialforhealththaneatingfirst可知,早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益,因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人,因此推断划线词与B项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。
故选B。
【点拨】短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语,下面接着出现其定义或解释。
标点符号,如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。
这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
3.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
【典例1】(2020·全国1卷B篇节选)
WhileItendtobuyalotofbooks,thesethreeweregiventomeasgifs,whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember,it’syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.
Whatdoestheunderlinedword“currency”inparagraph4referto?
A.DebtB.Reward.C.Allowance.D.Facevalue.
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。
根据最后一段中“whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,(虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”可知,前后句为转折关系,根据上下文的语境可推知,“rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.”意为“但是再次阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”,由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。
故选B项。
【点拨】根据上下句的连接词,如but,however,while,otherwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系,从而可以依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义。
另外,分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。
【典例2】(2020·某某卷D篇节选)
Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.
Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?
A.Bigeaters.B.Overweightpersons.
C.Pickyeaters.D.Tallthinpersons.
【答案】D
【解析】词义猜测题。
根据前半句“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份)”可知,现有的研究认为:
你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。
后半句认为,你真正应该避免的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。
由contraryto可推断出,画线词和heavierpeople(超重的人)相反,结合选项,D选项(瘦瘦高高的人)正好和heavierpeople正好相反。
故选D。
4.意义吻合定句意
【典例1】(2019·全国2卷B篇节选)
Iguessthatthere’sprobablysomedemandingworkschedule,orsocialanxietyaroundsteppinguptohelpforanunknownsport.Shemayjustneedalittlepersuading.SoItryagainandtugattheheartstrings.ImentionthesingleparentwithfourkidsrunningtheshowandItalkaboutthedadcoachingateamthathiskidsaren’tevenon…Atthispointtheunwillingparentspeaksup,“Alright.Yes,I’lldoit.”
Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“tugattheheartstrings”inparagraph2mean?
A.Encourageteamwork.
B.Appealtofeeling.
C.Promotegooddeeds.
D.Provideadvice.
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。
根据划线前句shemayjustneedalittlepersuading.和下面的一句话ImentionthesingleparentwithfourkidsrunningtheshowandItalkaboutthedadcoachingateamthathiskidsaren'tevenon...可知,作者为了劝服这位家长,举了两个例子。
故可知,划线句此处应是“煽情”之意。
故选B。
【点拨】高考阅读理解有时对某一个句子的外延含义进行考查,因此要求考生准确理解前后句表达的含义,巧解语句猜测题。
【典例2】(2020·全国1卷D篇节选)
AsIgrewolderandbecameamother,thelibrarytookonanewplaceandanaddedmeaninginmylife.Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource(来源)ofentertainment.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem.
Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“anaddedmeaning”inparagraph3referto?
A.Pleasurefromworkinginthelibrary.
B.Joyofreadingpassedoninthefamily.
C.Wondermentfromactingoutthestories.
D.Acloserbonddevelopedwiththereaders.
【答案】B
【解析】词句猜测题。
根据后文可推断,作者成了母亲以后,带着孩子去图书馆,孩子挑选书籍来阅读,或者作者读给他们听,因此可知图书馆在作者的生活中又增添了新的意义,阅读的乐趣在家庭中代代相传”。
故选B。
A
Thedifferentpartsofahealthcaresystemhavedifferentfocuses.Ahospital’sstroke(中风)unitmonitorsbloodflowinthebrain.Thecardiacunitisinterestedinthatsameflow,butthroughandfromtheheart.Eachcollectionofequipmentanddataiseffectiveinitsownfield.Thus,likethestoryofblindmenfeelinganelephant,modernhealthcareoffersmanyseparatepicturesofapatient,butrarelyausefulunitedone.
Ontopofallthis,theinstrumentsthatdoctorsusetomonitorhealthareoftenexpensive,asisthetrainingrequiredtousethem.Thatbinedcostistoohighforthemedicalsystemtoscanregularly,forearlysignsofillness,sopatientsareatriskofheartdiseaseorastroke.
AnunusualresearchprojectcalledAlzEye,runbyMoorfieldsEyeHospitalinLondon,incooperationwithUniversityCollege,London(UCL),maychangethis.Itisattemptingtousetheeyeasawindowthroughwhichsignalsaboutthehealthofotherorganscouldbediscovered.Thedoctorsinchargeofit,SiegfriedWagnerandPearseKeane,arestudyingMoorfields’databaseofeyescans,whichoffersadetailedpictureofthehealthoftheretina(视网膜).
Theprojectwillgoastepfurther:
Withtheinformationaboutotheraspectsofpatients’healthcollectedfromotherhospitalsaroundEngland,doctorswillbeabletolookformoreaccuratesignsofdiseasethrougheyescans.
TheMoorfieldsdatasethaslotsoflinkedcasestoworkwith--farmorethananysimilarproject.Forinstance,theUKBiobank,oneoftheworld’sleadingcollectionsofmedicaldataaboutindividualpeople,contains631casesofa“majorcardiacadverseevent”.TheMoorfieldsdatacontainabout12,000such.TheBiobankhasdataonabout1,500strokepatients.Moorfieldshas11,900.ForthediseaseonwhichtheMoorfieldsprojectwillfocustostartwithdementia,thedatasetholds15,100cases.Theonlyparablestudyhas86.
WagnerandKeanearesearchingforpatternsintheeyethatshowtheemergenceofdiseaseelsewhereinthebody.Ifsuchpatternscouldberecognizedreliably,thepotentialimpactwouldbehuge.
1.Whydoestheauthormention“thestoryofblindmenfeelinganelephant”inParagraph1?
A.Toclaimtheineffectivenessofourhealthcaresystem.
B.Totellthesimilarityinvarioushealthcareunits.
C.Toexplainthelimitationofmodernhealthcare.
D.Toshowtheplexityofpatients'pictures.
2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this”inParagraph3referto?
A.Thechallengeofmakingadvancedmedicalinstruments.
B.Thehighriskofgettingaheartdiseaseorastroke.
C.Theinconvenienceofmodernhealthcareservice.
D.Theinpleteandexpensivehealthmonitoring.
3.HowdoesAlzEyework?
A.Bythoroughlyexaminingone’sbodyorgans.
B.Byidentifyingone’sstateofhealththrougheyescans
C.Byhelpingdoctorsdiscoverone’sdiseasesoftheeye
D.Byparingtheeye-scandatafromdifferenthospitals.
4.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheMoorfields'sprojectfromParagraph5?
A.Ittakesadvantageofabundantlyavailablemedicaldata.
B.Itmakesthecollectionofmedicaldatamoreconvenient.
C.ItimprovestheMoorfields'petitivenessinthemedicalfield.
D.ItstrengthensdatasharingbetweentheMoorfieldsandtheBiobank.
【答案】1.C2.D3.B4.A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。
文章介绍了一个试图通过眼睛扫描信息来发现疾病早期迹象的研究项目。
1.推理判断题。
根
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