工程管理 毕业设计英文翻译 中英文建筑施工安全计划培训和检查.docx
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工程管理 毕业设计英文翻译 中英文建筑施工安全计划培训和检查.docx
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工程管理毕业设计英文翻译中英文建筑施工安全计划培训和检查
毕业设计(论文)英文翻译
学生姓名:
学号:
100108104668
所在学院:
专业:
工程管理
指导教师:
2011年3月10日
ConstructionSafety:
Planning,TrainingandInspections
文章来源于网站:
Generalcontractorsmanageavarietyofconsiderationsastheyoverseeabuilding'sconstruction,includingbudget,materialsandschedule.Theyalsomustensurecompliancewithawiderangeofregulatoryrequirements,fromenvironmentalstandardstolegalemploymentpractices.Oneofthemostimportantconcernsageneralcontractormustcontrol,particularlyintheconstructionindustry,issafety.
Clearly,thefederalgovernmentconsidersconstructionsafetyasignificantconcern.In2006,morethan59%ofallfederalinspectionsperformedbytheOccupationalSafety&HealthAdministration(OSHA)nationwide,22,891inspectionsinall,tookplaceintheconstructionsector.OSHAconductedanadditional27,672stateinspectionsatconstructionjobsites.
Overthepastfewyears,incidentsinvolvingvehiclesorequipmenthavebeentheprimarysourceofconstructionworkplaceinjuriesinTexas.Fallhazardsalsoaccountforahighpercentageofthemishapsthattakeplace.Otherhazardsthatresultinjobsiteinjuriesincludeelectricalshockandcaught-betweensandfallingobjects.
Theapproachtomaintainingasafejobsiteandminimizingtheriskfromtheseandmanyotherhazardsisathree-prongedstrategyofplanning,trainingandinspections.
Planning:
StoppingMishapsBeforeTheyOccur
Planningaheadallowsworkerstoseeandavoidmishapsbeforetheyoccur."Ourworkcrewsdoapre-taskplanningeveryday,"saidDinoSideris,SafetyDirectorforBobMooreConstruction."Beforeworkstarts,weassessthetaskstobeperformedandidentifyhazards,theneliminatethemorengineerthemout.Thisprocesstakesplacebeforetheprojectstartsandrepeatseverymorninguntilit'sdone.Theplanningvariesbylocationbecauseeachjobsitepresentsitsownuniquehazards,butthegeneralprocessofongoingplanningremainsthesame.
"Onamorestrategiclevel,wehaveaformalsafetyplan,"Siderissaid."Theplanisthoroughlydocumentedandmadeavailabletoeveryoneinvolvedinourprojects.ThisensuresouroperationsstaywithinOSHAstandardsandformalizesourpoliciessoeveryone,fromouremployeestooursubcontractorstoourclients,knowsourstandardsandproceduresaheadoftime."
SafetyTraining
Trainingisthesecondessentialcomponentofthesuccessfulsafetyplan."Wedoextensivetrainingforourpeople,"saidSideris."AllofourpeopleinthefieldhascompletedtheOSHA30-hourcourse,hasbeentrainedinfirstaidandemergencyresponse,andhasearnedCPRcertification.Evenouradministrativeemployees,fromourreceptionisttoourCEO,havebeentrainedinfirstaidandCPR."
Trainingisavailablethroughawiderangeofsources.Forcompaniesthatareappropriatelystaffed,muchofthetrainingisdonein-house.Consultantsareavailabletoaddressmorespecializededucationalneeds,likestormwatermanagementandenvironmentaltraining.Industryassociations,liketheAGC,ACIandTCA,alsoprovidetrainingprogramsandguidance.Inparticular,QUOIN(thenorthandeastTexaschapterofAGC)performsandcoordinatestrainingprogramsandhelpscompaniesdevelopandimplementsafetyprograms.QUOINhasledinitiativesforsafetytrainingtoincludeperiodicsafetystand-downsaroundthestateandregionaltrainingmarathonsthatprovideOSHA10-hourtrainingtohundredsofworkersatatime.
Themostsurprisingsourceforsafetytrainingis-thecompetition."Ifanothergeneralcontractorisdoingtrainingthatoneofmyguysneeds,I'llgethimintothatclass,"saidSideris."I'vedonethesameforothercompaniesaswell.Insafetythereisnocompetitor.Theworkcrewonanothercompany'ssitetodaycouldeasilybeonoursnextmonth.Byelevatingsafetyknowledgeonothercompanies'jobsitesweultimatelyimproveourownaswell."
Onereasonconstanttrainingisimportantisduetotheever-evolvingnatureofpersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE).ManufacturersconstantlyproduceneworimprovedPPEinresponsetoidentifiedneedsinthemarketplaceorasaresultofevolvingOSHAstandards,andcontractorsmuststaycurrentonwhatisavailable.
"PPEchangesallthetime,"saidSideris."OSHA'srequirementschangefrequentlyandequipmentmakersconstantlyinnovatetomeetthoserevisions.ThePPEthatwasfullycompliantlastyearmaynotbetoday.Forexample,afewyearsagotherewasnosuchthingasretractablelanyardsforfallprotection.Givenallthedifferentpositionsworkersneededtobetogetthejobdone,inmanysituationsthestandardharnessdidn'tsuffice.Sotheycomeupwiththeretractablelanyard,onethatcreatesaninstantstopwithintwoinchesofthestartofthefall,torespondtothatneed,OSHAchangesarequirement,manufacturersrespondwithnewPPEandcontractorsareexpectedtostayontopofthis."
Trainingalsoallowsworkerstoidentifyupcomingtrendsincompliance.SiderisbelievesthatinthecomingmonthsOSHAwillfocusonenforcingthehealthportionoftheirregulations,likehowlongpeopleareexposedtochemicalssuchaschromiumorlead.HeanticipatesthatOSHAwillregulatetheproperuseofPPEmorestringentlyaswell.Bytrainingregularly,acontractorcanaddressthesechangesproactively.
SafetyInspections
Followingontheheelsofplanningandtraining,thethirdcomponentofthesuccessfulsafetyprogramistoself-inspect.Superintendentsandsafetyrepresentativeswalkthejobsiteseveraltimesaweek,observingworkprocesses,documentingproceduralviolationsandpotentialhazards,andimplementingcorrectiveactions.Often,theseinspectionsresultinproceduralchangesthatareincorporatedintothedailypre-taskplanning.
InthepastfewyearsQUOINspearheadedthedevelopmentofaprogramcalledDBO2todramaticallyimprovetheinspectionprocess.WithDBO2superintendentscandocumenttheirobservationsonaPersonalDataAssistant(PDA)andtransmittheirresultsimmediatelytoalllevelsofthecompany.ThisprovidestheformaldocumentationofinspectionsasrequiredbyOSHA,andcommunicatespotentialissuestothegeneralcontractor'srepresentativeswhocanaddressthem.
BecausetheDBO2programallowsimmediate,simpledocumentationofinspections,thenumberofobservationsthatcanberecordedisfargreaterthanwhatwouldoccurotherwise.Forexample,in2007BobMooreConstructiondocumented97,000observationsatitsvariousjobsitesusingDBO2,witha98%saferateonthoseobservations.Theremaining2%oftheobservationswerecorrectedimmediatelyandwithoutincident,becausethesuperintendentsidentifiedtheissueswhiletheywereinprogress,butbeforeanymishapoccurred.
BenefitsofaSuperiorConstructionSafetyProgram
Clearly,implementingthesuccessfulsafetyprogramrequiresagreatdealofworkatalllevelsoftheproject.Theresultsarewellworththeeffort.
"Oursafetyprogramgivesusabigadvantageinthemarketplace,"saidEdMcGuire,VicePresidentofConstructionforBobMooreConstruction."OurA+ratingwiththeinsurancecarriersreducespremiumsconsiderably,allowingustobemorecompetitiveinourbids.We'refindingthatdevelopersarebecomingmoreinterestedinoursafetyprogramaswell.Theyrecognizethatasafety-consciousgeneralcontractorreducestheirpotentialliabilityforlawsuitsandbadpublicity.Oursafetyprogramisalegitimatemarketingadvantagethatallowsustoseparateourselvesfromourcompetition.
"Oursafetyprogramisabenefitfromanoperationalstandpointaswell,"McGuireadded."Wehaven'tsufferedatime-lostincidentinmorethanfiveyears.Workerscometoourjobsites,trustingthatweoperateasafeworkenvironment,andthatimprovesmorale.Wehaveatrackrecordforsafety,whichestablishesanexpectationinourworkers'mindsthatwewon'ttolerateanythinglessthansafeworkprocedures.Inthatsensetheprogramisself-perpetuating.Mostimportantly,onamorallevelwewantourworkerstobesafe.Wewantthemgoinghomeinthesameconditiontheycametoworkin.Oursafetyprogramprovidescostbenefits,marketingadvantages,operatingandefficiencies,anditisfundamentallytherightthingtodo."
AccordingtoSideris,thegreatestchallengetomaintainingasafejobsiteisattitude."GettingpeopletorecognizetheinherentriskofworkingonaconstructionsiteisabigpartofwhatIhavetodoeveryday,"hesaid."It'seasytocutcornersonsafety.It'seasynottoputonthereflectorvestorharness,notputuptherailingonthescaffolding.Forthesafetyprogramtobeasuccesswehavetoovercomethatcomplacency."
"Itakesafetyverypersonally,andImakesafetypersonaltoourpeopleinthefield,"headded."Italkdirectlytotheworkers,andtrytomakethemthinkoftheirfamilyandtheirresponsibilitiesbeyondwork.Itrytotouchtheperson'sheartfirst.Ibelievethat'showyoustartandfinishtheattitudechange.Ifyoucanwinthebattleoverattitude,theplanning,trainingandinspectingallfallsintoplace."
建筑施工安全:
计划、培训和检查
总承包商在监管一栋建筑物的施工时,管理一系列需要考虑的事项,包括预算、材料和进度。
他们也必须确保遵守广泛的法规要求,从环境标准到合法用工标准。
特别是在建筑业,总承包商必须控制最重要的一个问题,那就是安全。
显然,联邦政府认为施工安全是一个重要的课题。
在2006年,由职业安全与卫生管理局(OSHA)负责执行全国范围内联邦政府检查,在所有22891次检查中,超过59%的检查发生在建筑行业。
另外,职业安全与卫生管理局针对施工作业现场进行了27,672次正式检查。
在过去几年,在德克萨斯州车辆或设备相关的事故已是施工现场伤害的主要来源。
在发生的灾难中,摔伤事件也占了很大的比率。
导致施工现场伤害的其他危险包括触电及踏空和下落物体。
计划,培训和检查是一个三管齐下的策略,是维持工地现场安全和最小化多方面危害带来的风险的方法。
计划:
事前控制
事前计划可以让工人了解和避免不可预见事情的发生。
鲍勃·摩尔建设安全主任迪诺·斯黛瑞斯说:
“我们的工作队伍每天都做工作准备计划,工作开始前,我们评估要执行的任务和识别其中的危害,并尽可能消除或把它们精明的处理掉。
这个过程发生在项目开工前,每天早上重复,直到项目结束。
计划随着地点变化而变化,因为每个工地现场会出现自己独特的危险,但是不断进行的计划的一般过程却是相同的。
迪诺·斯黛瑞斯说:
“在一个更具战略性
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