阅读.docx
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阅读.docx
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阅读理解
(一)
Pronouncingalanguageisaskill.Everynormalpersonisexpertintheskillofpronouncinghisownlanguage;butfewpeopleareevenmoderatelyproficientatpronouncingforeignlanguages.Nowtherearemanyreasonsforthis,someobvious,someperhapsnotsoobvious.ButIsuggestthatthefundamentalreasonwhypeopleingeneraldonotspeakforeignlanguagesverymuchbetterthantheydoisthattheyfailtograspthetruenatureoftheproblemoflearningtopronounce,andconsequentlyneversetabouttacklingitintherightway.Fartoomanypeoplefailtorealizethatpronouncingaforeignlanguageisaskill—onethatneedscarefultrainingofaspecialkind,andonethatcannotbeacquiredbyjustleavingittotakecareofitself.Ithinkeventeachersoflanguage,whilerecognizingtheimportanceofagoodaccent,tendtoneglect,intheirpracticalteaching,thebranchofstudyconcernedwithspeakingthelanguage.SothefirstpointIwanttomakeisthatEnglishpronunciationmustbetaught;theteachershouldbepreparedtodevotesomeofthelessontimetothis,andshouldgetthestudenttofeelthathereisamatterworthyofreceivinghiscloseattention.So,thereshouldbeoccasionswhenotheraspectsofEnglish,suchasgrammarorspelling,areallowedforthemomenttotakesecondplace.
Apartfromthisquestionofthetimegiventopronunciation,therearetwootherrequirementsfortheteacher:
thefirst,knowledge;thesecond,technique.
Itisimportantthattheteachershouldbeinpossessionofthenecessaryinformation.Thiscangenerallybeobtainedfrombooks.Itispossibletogetfrombookssomeideaofthemechanicsofspeech,andofwhatwecallgeneralphonetictheory.Itisalsopossibleinthiswaytogetaclearmentalpictureoftherelationshipbetweenthesoundsofdifferentlanguages,betweenthespeechhabitsofEnglishpeopleandthose,say,ofyourstudents.Unlesstheteacherhassuchapicture,anycommentshemaymakeonhisstudents'pronunciationareunlikelytobeofmuchuse,andlessontimespentonpronunciationmaywellbetimewasted.
1.Whatdoesthewriteractuallysayaboutpronouncingforeignlanguages?
A.Onlyafewpeoplearereallyproficient.
B.Nooneisreallyanexpertintheskill.
C.Therearen'tmanypeoplewhoareevenfairlygood.
D.Thereareevensomepeoplewhoaremoderatelyproficient.
2.Thewriterarguesthatgoingabouttheproblemofpronunciationinthewrongwayis
A.anobviouscauseofnotgraspingtheproblemcorrectly
B.afundamentalconsequenceofnotspeakingwell
C.aconsequenceofnotgraspingtheproblemcorrectly
D.notanobviouscauseofspeakingpoorly
3.Thebestwayoflearningtospeakaforeignlanguage,hesuggests,isby_______.
A.pickingitupnaturallyasachild
B.learningfromanativespeaker
C.notconcentratingonpronunciationassuch
D.undertakingsystematicwork
4.Thevaluethestudentputsoncorrectspeechhabitsdependsupon_______.
A.howcloselyheattendstothematter
B.whetheritisEnglishthatisbeingtaught
C.histeacher'sapproachtopronunciation
D.theimportancenormallygiventogrammarandspelling
5.Howmighttheteacherfindhimselfwastinglessontime?
A.Byspendinglessontimeonpronunciation.
B.Bymakingill-informedcommentsuponpronunciation.
C.Bynotusingbooksonphoneticsintheclassroom.
D.Bynotgivingstudentsaclearmentalpictureofthedifferencebetweensounds.
(二)
Anindustrialsociety,especiallyoneascentralizedandconcentratedasthatofBritain,isheavilydependantoncertainessentialservices:
forinstance,electricitysupply,water,railandroadtransport,theharbors.Theareaofdependencyhaswidenedtoincluderemovingrubbish,hospitalandambulanceservices,and,astheeconomydevelops,centralcomputerandinformationservicesaswell.Ifanyoftheseservicesceasestooperate,thewholeeconomicsystemisindanger.
Itisthisinterdependencyoftheeconomicsystemthatmakesthepoweroftradeunionssuchanimportantissue.Singletradeunionshavetheabilitytocutoffmanyeconomicbloodsupplies.ThiscanhappenmoreeasilyinBritainthaninsomeothercountries,inpartbecausethelaborforceishighlyorganized.About55percentofBritishworkersbelongtounions,comparedtounderaquarterintheUnitedStates.Forhistoricalreasons,Britain'sunionshavetendedtodevelopalongtradeandoccupationallines,ratherthanonanindustry-by-industrybasis,whichmakeswagepolicy,democracyinindustryandtheimprovementofproceduresforfixingwagelevelsdifficulttoachieve.
Thereareconsiderablestrainsandtensionsinthetradeunionmovement,someofthemarisingfromtheiroutdatedandinefficientstructure.Someunionshavelostmanymembersbecauseofindustrialchanges.Othersareinvolvedinargumentsaboutwhoshouldrepresentworkersinnewtrades.Unionsforskilledtradesareseparatefromgeneralunions,whichmeansthatdifferentlevelsofwagesforcertainjobsareoftenasourceofbadfeelingbetweenunions.Intraditionaltradeswhicharebeingpushedoutofexistencebyadvancingtechnologies,unionscanfightfortheirmembers'disappearingjobstothepointwherethejobsofotherunion'smembersarethreatenedordestroyed.TheprintingofnewspapersbothintheUnitedStatesandinBritainhasfrequentlybeenhaltedbytheeffortsofprinterstoholdontotheirtraditionalhighly-paidjobs.
1.WhyisthequestionoftradeunionpowerimportantinBritain?
A.Theeconomyisverymuchinterdependent.
B.Unionshavebeenestablishedalongtime.
C.TherearemoreunionsinBritainthanelsewhere.
D.Therearemanyessentialservices.
2.Becauseoftheirout-of-dateorganizationsomeunionsfinditdifficultto______.
A.changeasindustrieschangeB.getnewmemberstojointhem
C.learnnewtechnologiesD.bargainforhighenoughwages
3.Disagreementsarisebetweenunionsbecausesomeofthem
A.trytowinovermembersofotherunions
B.ignoreagreements
C.protecttheirownmembersattheexpenseofothers
D.takeoverotherunion'sjobs
4.Itisdifficulttoimprovetheproceduresforfixingwagelevelsbecause______.
A.someindustrieshavenounions
B.unionsarenotorganizedaccordingtoindustries
C.only55percentofworkersbelongtounions
D.someunionsaretoopowerful
5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUE?
A.Therearestrainsandtensionsinthetradeunionmovement.
B.Someunionshavelostmanymembers.
C.Someunionsexistintheoutdatedstructure.
D.AhigherpercentageofAmericanworkersbelongtounionsthanthatofBritishworkers.
(三)
Althoughcreditcardsarebecomingamoreacceptablepartofthefinancialscene,theyarestillregardedwithsuspicionbymanyasbeingamajorpartofthe"livenowpaylater"syndrome(^Jttt).Alongwithhire-purchase,rentalandleasingschemes,theyprovideencouragementtospendmoremoney.Ofcourse,itisonlythefoolhardywhoyieldtothetemptationtolive,temporarilyatleast,beyondtheirmeans,andsuchpeoplewouldnodoubtmanagetodosoevenwithoutcreditcards.
Advertisingcampaignshave,however,promotedagrowingrealizationoftheadvantagesofthesesmallpiecesofplastic.Theyobviate(避免)needtocarrylargeamountsofcashandarealwaysusefulinemergencies.
Allthecreditcardorganizationschargeinterestonamonthlybasiswhichmayworkoutashighas25percentayear,yetjudiciouspurchasingusingacardcanmeanthatyouobtainuptosevenweeks,interest-freecredit.Usingthecardabroad,whereitemsfrequentlytakealongtimetobeincludedonyouraccount,canextendthisperiodevenfurther.
Itisworthwhileshoppingaroundbeforedecidingonaparticularcreditcard.Itisnecessarytoconsidertheamountofcreditgranted;interestrates,whichmayvaryslightly;thenumberandrangeofoutlets,thoughmostcardscovermajorgarages,hotels,restaurantsanddepartmentstores;andofcourse,whathappensifyourcardislostorstolen.Acreditcardthiefmaybesittingonapotentialgoldmineparticularlyifthereisadelayinreportingthelossofthecard.
However,ifusedwisely,acreditcardcancostnothing,oratleasthelptotideyouoveraperiodoffinancialdifficulty.
1.Whichofthefollowingcannotmakeyouspendmoremoney?
A.Creditcards.B.Hire-purchase.
C.Rentalandleasingschemes.D.Noneoftheaboveisright.
2.Thefoolhardyarepeoplewho_______.
A.spendmoremoneythantheyhave
B.spendlessmoneythanotherpeople
C.savemoney
D.makemoney
3.Thedisadvantageofcreditcardsis_______.
A.toenableyoutobuythingswithoutcarryinglargeamountofcash
B.toencouragepeopletospendmoremoney
C.tobealwaysusefulinemergencies
D.tohelppeopletideoveraperiodoffinancialdifficulty
4.Accordingtothepassage,creditcardsaremadeof_______.
A.paperB.gold
C.plasticD.tin
5.Decidingonaparticularcredit,youdonothavetoconsider______.
A.theamountofcreditgranted
B.thenumberandrangeofoutlets
C.thepossibilityoflossofmoney
D.thedepartmentstoreswhereyouaregoingtouseyourcreditcards
(四)
MoreattentionwaspaidtothequalityofproductioninFranceatthetimeofReneCoty.CharlesDeschanelwasthenthefinancialminister.Hestressedthatworkmanshipandqualityweremoreimportantthanquantityforindustrialproduction.Itwouldbenecessarytoproducequalitygoodsfortheinternationalmarketstocompetewiththoseproducedinothercountries.TheFrencheconomyneededalargershareofinternationalmarkettobalanceitsimportandexporttra
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