微观加工孔加工中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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微观加工孔加工中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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微观加工孔加工中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文:
Optionsformicro-holemaking
Asinthemacroscale-machiningworld,holemakingisoneofthemost—ifnotthemost—frequentlyperformedoperationsformicromachining.Manyoptionsexistforhowthoseholesarecreated.Eachhasitsadvantagesandlimitations,dependingontherequiredholediameteranddepth,workpiecematerialandequipmentrequirements.Thisarticlecoversholemakingwiththrough-coolantdrillsandthosewithoutcoolantholes,plungemilling,microdrillingusingsinkerEDMsandlaserdrilling.
HelpfulHoles
Gettingcoolanttothedrilltipwhilethetooliscuttinghelpsreducetheamountofheatatthetool/workpieceinterfaceandevacuatechipsregardlessofholediameter.Butthrough-coolantcapabilityisespeciallyhelpfulwhendeep-holemicrodrillingbecausethetoolsaredelicateandpronetofailurewhenexperiencingrecuttingofchips,chippackingandtoomuchexposuretocarbide’sworstenemy—heat.
Whenapplyingfloodcoolant,thedrillitselfblocksaccesstothecuttingaction.“Somewhereabout3to5diametersdeep,thecoolanthastroublegettingdowntothetip,”saidJeffDavis,vicepresidentofengineeringforHarveyToolCo.,Rowley,Mass.“Itbecomeswisetouseacoolant-feddrillatthatpoint.”
Inaddition,floodcoolantcancausemoreharmthangoodwhenmicroholemaking.“Thepressurefromthefloodcoolantcansometimessnapfragiledrillsastheyenterthepart,”Davissaid.
Thetoolmakeroffersalineofthrough-coolantdrillswithdiametersfrom0.039"to0.125"thatareabletoproduceholesupto12diametersdeep,aswellasmicrodrillswithoutcoolantholesfrom0.002"to0.020".
Havingthrough-coolantcapacityisn’tenough,though.Coolantneedstoflowataratethatenablesittoclearthechipsoutofthehole.Davisrecommends,ataminimum,600to800psiofcoolantpressure.“Itworksmuchbetterifyouhavehigherpressurethanthat,”headded.
Topreventthosetinycoolantholesfrombecomingcloggedwithdebris,Davisalsorecommendsa5μmorfinercoolantfilter.
Anotherrecommendationistomachineapilot,orguide,holetopreventthetoolfromwanderingontopoftheworkpieceandaidinproducingastraighthole.Whenapplyingapilotdrill,it’simportanttoselectonewithanincludedangleonitspointthat’sequaltoorlargerthantheincludedangleonthethrough-coolantdrillthatfollows.Thepilotdrill’sdiametershouldalsobeslightlylarger.Forexample,ifthepilotdrillhasa120°includedangleandasmallerdiameterthanathrough-coolantdrillwitha140°includedangle,“thenyou’recatchingthecoolant-feddrill’scornersandknockingthosecornersoff,”Davissaid,whichdamagesthedrill.
Althoughnotmandatory,peckingisagoodpracticewhenmicrodrillingdeepholes.Davissuggestsapeckingcyclethatis30to50percentofthediameterperpeckdepth,dependingontheworkpiecematerial.Thisclearsthechips,preventingthemfrompackingintheflutevalleys.
LubriciousChill
Tofurtheraidchipevacuation,Davisrecommendsapplyinganoil-basedmetalworkingfluidinsteadofawaterbasedcoolantbecauseoilprovidesgreaterlubricity.Butifashopprefersusingcoolant,thefluidshouldincludeEP(extremepressure)additivestoincreaselubricityandminimizefoaming.“Ifyou’vegotalotoffoam,”Davisnoted,“thechipsaren’tbeingpulledoutthewaytheyaresupposedtobe.”
Headdedthatanotherwaytoenhanceatool’sslipperinesswhileextendingitslifeiswithacoating,suchastitaniumaluminumnitride.TiAlNhasahighhardnessandisaneffectivecoatingforreducingheat’simpactwhendrillingdifficult-to-machinematerials,likestainlesssteel.
DavidBurton,generalmanagerofPerformanceMicroTool,Janesville,Wis.,disagreeswiththeideaofcoatingmicrotoolsonthesmallerendofthespectrum.“Coatingsontoolsbelow0.020"typicallyhaveanegativeeffectoneverymachiningaspect,fromthequalityoftheinitialcuttotoollife,”hesaid.That’sbecausecoatingsarenotthinenoughandnegativelyaltertherakeandreliefangleswhenappliedtotinytools.
However,workcontinuesonthedevelopmentofthinnercoatings,andBurtonindicatedthatPerformanceMicroTool,whichproducesmicroendmillsandmicroroutersandresellsmicrodrills,isworkingonaprojectwithotherstocreateasubmicron-thicknesscoating.“We’reprobably6monthsto1yearfromtestingitinthemarket,”Burtonsaid.
ThemicrodrillsPerformanceoffersarebasicallycircuit-boarddrills,whicharealsoeffectiveforcuttingmetal.Allthetoolsarewithoutthrough-coolantcapability.“Ihadacustomerdrilla0.004"-dia.holeinstainlesssteel,andhewasamazedhecoulddoitwithacircuit-boarddrill,”Burtonnoted,addingthatpeckingandrunningatahighspindlespeedincreasethedrill’seffectiveness.
TherequirementsforhowfastmicrotoolsshouldrotatedependonthetypeofCNCmachinesashopusesandthetooldiameter,withhigherspeedsneededasthediameterdecreases.(Note:
Theequationforcuttingspeedissfm=tooldiameter×0.26×spindlespeed.)
Althoughrelativelylow,5,000rpmhasbeenusedsuccessfullybyBurton’scustomers.“Werecommendthatourcustomersfindthehighestrpmatthelowestpossiblevibration—thesweetspot,”hesaid.
Inadditiontominimizingvibration,aconstantandadequatechiploadisrequiredtopenetratetheworkpiecewhileexertinglowcuttingforcesandtoallowtheraketoremovetheappropriateamountofmaterial.Ifthedrilltakestoolightofachipload,therakefacewearsquickly,becomingnegative,andtoollifesuffers.Thisapproachisoftentemptingwhendrillingwithdelicatetools.
“Ifthecustomerdecideshewantstobabythetool,hetakesalighterchipload,”Burtonsaid,“and,typically,thecuttingedgewearsmuchquickerandcreatesaradiuswherethelandofthatradiusiswiderthanthechipbeingcut.Heendsupusingitasagrindingtool,tryingtobumpmaterialaway.”Fortoolslargerthan0.001",Burtonconsidersachiploadunder0.0001"tobe“babying.”Ifthedrilldoesn’tsnap,prematurewearcanresultinabysmaltoollife.
Toomuchrunoutcanalsobedestructive,buthowmuchisdebatable.BurtonpointedoutthatPerformancepurposelydesignedamachinetohave0.0003"TIRtoconductin-house,worst-casemillingscenarios,addingthatthecompanyisstillabletomilla0.004"-wideslot“dayinanddayout.”
Headded:
“Youwouldthinkwith0.0003"runoutandachiploadathirdthat,say,0.0001"to0.00015",thetoolwouldbreakimmediatelybecauseoneflutewouldbetakingtheentireloadandthenthebackendoftheflutewouldberubbing.
Whendrilling,heindicatedthatupto0.0003"TIRshouldbeacceptablebecauseoncethedrillisinsidethehole,thecuttingedgesontheendofthedrillcontinuecuttingwhilethenoncuttinglandsontheODguidethetoolinthesamedirection.Minimizingrunoutbecomesmorecriticalasthedepth-to-diameterratioincreases.Thisisbecausetheflutesarenotabletoabsorbasmuchdeflectionastheybecomemoreengagedintheworkpiece.Ultimately,toomuchrunoutcausesthetoolshanktoorbitaroundthetool’scenterwhilethetooltipisheldsteady,creatingastresspointwherethetoolwilleventuallybreak.
TakingaPlunge
Althoughstandardmicrodrillsaren’tgenerallyavailablebelow0.002",microendmillsthatcanbeusedto“plunge”aholeare.“Whenpeoplewanttodrillsmallerthanthat,theyuseourendmillsandareprettysuccessful,”Burtonsaid.However,theholescan’tbeverydeepbecausethetoolsdon’thavelongaspect,ordepth-to-diameter,ratios.Therefore,a0.001"-dia.endmillmightbeabletoonlymakeaholeupto0.020"deepwhereasadrillofthesamesizecangodeeperbecauseit’sdesignedtoplacetheloadonitstipwhendrilling.Thistransfersthepressureintotheshank,whichabsorbsit.
Performanceoffersendmillsassmallas5microns(0.0002")butisn’tkeenonincreasingthatline’ssales.“Whenpeopletrytobuythem,Iveryseriouslytrytotalkthemoutofitbecausewedon’tlikemakingthem,”Burtonsaid.Partoftheproblemwithtoolsthatsmallisthecarbidegrainsnotonlyneedtobesubmicroninsizebutthesizealsoneedstobeconsistent,inpartbecausesuchatooliscomprisedoffewergrains.“The5-micronendmillprobablyhas10grainsholdingthecoretogether,”Burtonnoted.
Headdedthathehasseencarbidepowdercontaining0.2-microngrains,whichisabouthalfthesizeofwhat’scommerciallyavailable,butitalsocontainedgrainsmeasuring0.5and0.6microns.“Itjustdoesn’thelptohavesmallgrainsifthey’renotuniform.”
Microvaporization
ElectricaldischargemachiningusingasinkerEDMisanothermicro-holemakingoption.Unlike,whichcreatesmallholesforthreadingwirethroughtheworkpiecewhenwireEDMing,EDMsforproducingmicroholesareconsiderablymoresophisticated,accurateand,ofcourse,expensive.
Forproducingdeepmicroholes,atubeisappliedastheelectrode.ForEDMingsmallerbutshallowerholes,asolidelectrodewire,orrod,isneeded.“Wetrytousetubesasmuchaspossible,”saidJeffKiszonas,EDMproductmanagerforMakinoInc.,AuburnHills,Mich.“Butatsomepoint,nobodycanmakeatubebelowacertaindiameter.”Headdedthatsomesuppliersoffertubesdownto0.003"indiameterformakingholesassmallas0.0038".Thetube’sflushingholeenablescreatingaholewithahighdepth-to-diameterratioandhelpstoevacuatedebrisfromthebottomoftheholeduringmachining.
OnesuchsinkerEDMforproducingholesassmallas0.00044"(11μm)isMakino’sEdge2sinkerEDMwithfine-holeoption.InJapan,themachinetoolbuilderrecentlyproducedeightsuchholesin2m
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