英美概况.docx
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英美概况.docx
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英美概况
1.KnowkeypointsabouteachWAR(reason,timeframe,betweenwho,result).
1)(1754-1763)FrenchandIndianWar(partofSevenYears’War)(p.273)
法国印第安人战争:
北美大陆进行的法英战争,以法国失败而告终,英国获得法属北美殖民地
Reason:
BothFranceandEnglandclaimedtheOhioRiver.1754Frenchwasattackedby被所迫害Englishcolonists殖民者beginsconflict冲突.
1756:
colonial殖民地的warbecomesworldwar(SevenYears’War)
1759:
Britishcapture捕获Quebec魁北克
1763:
Treaty条约ofParis–Britainwonallthelandbetweenthe13Colonies殖民地andtheMississippi
River.TheyalsogotFloridafromSpain.BritishEmpire大英帝国inAmericadoublesinsize.
2)RevolutionaryWar革命战争(or“WarofIndependence”独立战争)(p.282)
Yorktown,1781,Decisivebattle决定性的战斗,betweenEnglishandAmericans.
Frenchaid援助iscrucial关键的;LordCornwallissurrenders投降toWashington;Englanddecidesthewaristoocostly高代价的,theyleave.Americanwon.
Result:
结果TreatyofParis,1783.13coloniesfree&independent;Canadaremains残余partofBritishEmpire;Britaincedes割让NorthwestTerritory西北地区toUnitedStates.
3)-Warof1812(p.299)
Cause:
WarbetweenBritainandAmerica.
-Indiantroubles&Britishweapons武器sales销售u.
-Britainwasatwarwith与交战France(Napoleon拿破仑)sotheytriedtorestrict限制UStrade贸易withFrance.(Neutrality中立–UShadtherightto有权做trade.)
-Britishwantedtosearch搜索AmericanshipsforBritishdeserters逃犯.
-Desirefor渴望expansion扩张
Result:
AmericanFailure失败-PresidentMadisondeclaredwaron发动进攻Britain
-Failedinvasion入侵ofCanada.
-WashingtonD.C.burned遍体鳞伤,1814.
Endof结束Warof1812-Compromise妥协peacetreaty和平条约,December,1814
-BritainandAmericawereatpeace处于和平状态afterthisandlaterbecameallies同盟国.
-Americadidn’ttrytoinvade进攻Canadaagain
4)MexicanWar墨西哥战争(p.304)1846-1848BetweenMexicoandAmerica
-Spiritof“ManifestDestiny天定命运”–Americanexpansion扩张divinely凭神的力量ordained颁布命令
-1845Texas得克萨斯州joinstheUnitedStates
-Shots射击firedindisputed在争论中territory领土
-GreatAmericanvictories胜利
-1848treaty条约:
USgets1/3ofMexico,includingArizona,NewMexico,&California
5)-CivilWar内战(p.316)1861-1865
Cause-NorthandSouthhaddifferenteconomies.
-NorthandSouthhaddifferentcultures,values,beliefs信仰.
-Disagreementsaboutslavery奴隶制度.
-Southwantedtoseparate分离fromNorth.
Result-TheNorth北方won.Theabolition废除ofslaveryandequal平等chanceforeveryonewasnotperfectlyachieved.
6)American-SpanishWarof1898(p.334)
-Americastartedtoexpand,imperialism帝国主义,andwantedtobuyCuba.
-Spaincontrolled控制Cuba,anddidn’twanttosellit.
-AmericannewspaperssaythattheCubans古巴人wanttobeliberatedfrom解放Spain.
-Problemsarise出现inCuba,andanAmericanbattleship战舰issentto发送到protecttheAmericansthere.
-Theshipisattackedandsunk.Warwith与交战Spainstarted.
-USinvaded入侵Cubaandwins.
-USandSpainfight战斗inthePhilippines菲律宾,USwins.
-USacquires获得Philippines,Guam关岛,andPuertoRico波多黎各
-Cubawasgrantedindependence独立1902
7)WorldWar1(1914-1918)(p.338)
-Atfirst,theUSstayed停止neutral中立.
-In1915,Germanysank沉陷aUSsubmarine潜艇,TheLusitania.ButtheUSstilldidn’tfight.
-In1917,Germanystartedattacking进攻moresubmarines潜艇.Also,theypromisedtogivepartofAmericatoMexicoifMexicowouldjoinGermany.
-Afterthis,theUSjoinedthewar.TheybegansendingsoldierstohelpFrance.
Result:
Versailles凡尔赛Treaty条约
-Americansweredisillusioned令人幻灭withtreatyandbegantoretreatfrom退出worldaffairs国际事务.
-Possiblytheworstpeacetreaty和平条约inhistory.
-Germanyforced强迫tosign签订“WarGuiltClause”admitting承认sole唯一responsibilityforwar.
-Thisdirectlyledto导致riseofHitler希特勒.
-FailureofVersaillesTreatydirectlyledtoWorldWarII.
8)WorldWar2(p.354)
-OriginalproblemsinEuropehadnotbeensolved解决.
-AdolfHitlerusedunrest动乱inGermanytoinspire激发followers.
-Whenheattacked攻击Poland,itsallies同盟国FranceandBritainhadtofightto决一死战defend保卫it.
-Hitlertheninvaded入侵France,Francesurrendered投降in1940.Britainhadtofightalone.
-GermanyattackedBritainbyairandsea.
-Britainheldon继续untiltheAlliedforces盟军invaded入侵Franceanddefeated被击败Germany.
-Surpriseattack偷袭destroys破坏USbattleship战舰fleet舰队.
-Japanaroused引起a“sleepinggiant沉睡的巨人”–Americansangryoversneakattack偷袭.
-USdeclares宣布waragainst打仗Japan.
-GermanydeclareswaragainstUS
-UScontrolledthePhilippines,sothatwasamajormilitarybase军事基地forthePacific太平洋region.
-Japanattacked攻击thePhilippines.
-USandJapanfought战斗allover遍及thePacifictoprotectsupplylines供电线.
-ManyJapaneseAmericansweretreated治疗badlyintheU.S.
-1944-45USbombs炸弹Japan.
-1945,USdropsatomicbombs原子弹onJapan.Japansurrenders.
Afterthewar
-April25,1945:
birthofUnitedNations–hopefornewworldorder规则.
-Depression不景气normallyfollowswar,buthugeconsumerdemand消费需求stimulates刺激economy.
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