计算机专业英语教案第2章.docx
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计算机专业英语教案第2章.docx
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计算机专业英语教案第2章
第2章HardwareKnowledge
2.1ComputerHardwareBasics
2.2CPU
2.3Memory
2.4Input/OutputDevices
2.5ParallelOrganization
2.1ComputerHardwareBasics
•Flip-FlopandClock
•Shiftregisters
•CombinationalCircuit
•LogicSystems
•LogicCircuits
Flip-FlopandClock
•Microprocessorsemploybothlatchesandflip-flops.
•Aflip-flopisasynchronousdevice;itisclocked,anditcanchangestateonlyonarrivalofaclockpulse.
•Clockpulsesarebasicallysquarewaves;theymayhaveaverylowrepetition,ortheymayhaveaveryhighrepetitionrate.
RSflip-flop
Shiftregisters
•Aregistercapableofshiftingitsbinaryinformationinoneorbothdirectionsiscalledashiftregister.
•Allflip-flopsreceivecommonclockpulsesthatinitiatetheshiftfromonestagetothenext.
•Aregistercapableofshiftinginonedirectiononlyiscalledaunidirectionalshiftregister.Aregisterthatcanshiftinbothdirectionsiscalledabi-directionalshiftregister.
•Someshiftregistersprovidethenecessaryinputterminalsforparalleltransfer.
4-bitshiftregister
Thecapabilitiesofregister
•Aninputforclockpulsestosynchronizealloperations.
•Ashift-rightoperationandaserialinputlineassociatedwiththeshift-right.
•Ashift-leftoperationandaserialinputlineassociatedwiththeshift-left.
•Aparallelloadoperationandninputlinesassociatedwiththeparalleltransfer.
•Nparalleloutputlines.
•Acontrolstatethatleavestheinformationintheregisterunchangedeventhoughclockpulsesareappliedcontinuously.
CombinationalCircuit
•Acombinationalcircuitisaconnectedarrangementoflogicgateswithasetofinputsandoutputs.Atanygiventime,thebinaryvaluesoftheoutputsareafunctionofthebinarycombinationoftheinputs.
•Acombinationalcircuitcanbedescribedbyatruthtableshowingthebinaryrelationshipbetweentheninputvariablesandthemoutputvariables.
Blockdiagramofacombinationalcircuit
LogicSystems
•InaDC,orlevel-logic,systemabitisimplementedasoneoftwovoltagelevels.Ifthemorepositivevoltageisthe1levelandtheotheristhe0level,thesystemissaidtoemployDCpositivelogic.
•Thedigitallevelsarenotspecifiedprecisely,buteachstateisdefinedbyavoltagerangeaboutadesignatedlevel,suchas4V1Vand0.2V0.2V.
•Inadynamic,orpulse-logic,systemabitisrecognizedbythepresenceorabsenceofapulse.
LogicCircuits
•ThedesignofdigitalcomputersisbasedonalogicalmethodologycalledBooleanAlgebrawhichusesthreebasicoperations:
logicaladdition,calledtheORfunction;logicalmultiplication,calledtheANDfunction;andlogicalcomplementation,calledtheNOTfunction.
•ThevariablesinBooleanalgebraarebinary,namely,theresultingvariableofanoperationorasetofoperationscanhaveonlyoneofthetwovalues:
OneorZero.
KeyWords
•arbitrary任意的
•arrangement排列,整理
•asynchronous异步的
•bi-directional双向的
•Booleanfunction布尔函数
•cascade级连的,串级
•combinationalcircuit组合电路
•complement补充,补足
•configuration配置,结构
•flip-flop触发器
•inasmuch因……之故
•inhibit禁止,抑制
•initiate开始,激发
•interconnection互联网络
•microprocessor微处理器
•negative-logic负逻辑
•paralleltransfer并行传送
•serial顺序的,串行的
•significance重要性,意义
•square-wave方波
•unidirectional单向的
Notes
•[1]Thelogicalconfigurationofashiftregisterconsistsofachainofflip-flopsincascade,withtheoutputofoneflip-flopconnectedtotheinputofthenextflip-flop.
•此句中的“withtheoutputofoneflip-flopconnectedtotheinputofthenextflip-flop”是独立结构作状语,说明触发器连接的方式。
•译文:
移位寄存器的逻辑结构是由一连串串接的触发器所组成的,一个触发器的输出端连接到相邻的触发器的输入端。
•[2]Sometimesitisnecessarytocontroltheshiftsothatitoccurswithcertainclockpulsesbutnotwithothers.
•此句中的“it”是形式主语,“tocontroltheshift”是真正主语,sothat引导状语从句。
•译文:
有时候有必要对移位进行控制以便移位只对某些特定脉冲而不对其他脉冲发生。
•[3]Aregisterthatcanshiftinbothdirectionsiscalledabi-directionalshiftregister.
•本句用被动语态表示客观性,“thatcanshiftinbothdirections”是主语从句,修饰“aregister”。
•译文:
能够在两个方向上移位的寄存器叫做双向移位寄存器。
•[4]Acombinationalcircuittransformsbinaryinformationfromthegiveninputdatatotherequiredoutputdata.
•本句的介词短语“from…to…”作宾语补足语,进一步说明宾语“binaryinformation”。
•译文:
组合电路通过传输二进制信息,使得给定的输入数据产生了所需要的输出数据。
•[5]AcombinationalcircuitcanalsobespecifiedwithmBooleanfunctions,oneforeachoutputvariable.
•本句的“oneforeachoutputvariable”是同位语。
•译文:
组合电路也能规定m种布尔函数,每种函数对应一个输出变量。
词组翻译练习
•
(1) 锁存器latch
•
(2) 逻辑电路logiccircuit
•(3) R-S触发器R-Sflip-flop
•(4) 有效数据validdata
•(5) 向左移位操作ashift-leftoperation
•(6) 输出变量outputvariable
•(7) 8位移位寄存器8-bitshiftregister
•(8) 二进制信息binaryinformation
Readingmaterial:
DigitalComputerSystem
•Thefourbasicunitsofsimplifiedcomputer:
theinputunit,centralprocessingunit,memoryunit,andoutputunit.
•Thecentralprocessingunit(CPU)istheheartofthecomputersystem.Itisresponsibleforperformingallarithmeticoperationsandlogicdecisionsinitiatedbytheprogram.
•Thememoryunitofthecomputerisusedtostoreinformationsuchasnumbers,names,andaddresses.
•Incomputersystem,memoryisdividedintotwodifferentsections,knownasmainstorageandauxiliarystorage.Theyarealsosometimescalledinternalmemoryandexternalmemoryrespectively.
•TheinputandoutputunitsarethemeansbywhichtheCPUcommunicateswiththeoutsideworld.
•TheinputunitisusedtoinputinformationandcommandstotheCPUforprocessing.
•Afterprocessing,theinformationthatresultsmustbeoutput.
•Thisoutputofdatafromthesystemisperformedundercontroloftheoutputunit.
ADigitalComputer
2.2CPU
•TheCPUmeanstheCentralProcessingUnit.Itistheheartofacomputersystem.
•ACPUcanbeasinglemicroprocessorchip,asetofchips,oraboxofboardsoftransistors,chips,wires,andconnectors.
•DifferencesinCPUsdistinguishmainframes,mini-andmicrocomputers.
•Aprocessoriscomposedoftwofunctionalunits:
acontrolunitandanarithmetic/logicunit,andasetofspecialworkspacescalledregisters.
Mostcomputershavethreebasiccapabilities
•Computershavecircuitsforperformingarithmeticoperations,suchas:
addition,subtraction,division,multiplicationandexponentiation.
•Computershaveameansofcommunicatingwiththeuser.
•Computershavecircuitswhichcanmakedecisions.
Thecontrolunit
•Thecontrolunitisthefunctionalunitthatisresponsibleforsupervisingtheoperationoftheentirecomputersystem.
•Thecontrolunitfetchesinstructionsfrommemoryanddeterminestheirtypeordecodesthem.
•Itthenbreakseachinstructionintoaseriesofsimplesmallstepsoractions.
•Bydoingthis,itcontrolsthestep-by-stepoperationoftheentirecomputersystem.
TheArithmetic/LogicUnit
•DataarebroughtintotheALUbythecontrolunit,andtheALUperformswhateverarithmeticorlogicoperationsarerequiredtohelpcarryouttheinstructions.
•Arithmeticoperationsincludeadding,subtracting,multiplying,anddividing.Logicoperationsmakeacomparisonandtakeactionbasedontheresults.
Registers
•Registersinthecontrolunitareusedtokeeptrackoftheoverallstatusoftheprogramthatisrunning.
•Controlunitregistersstoreinformationsuchasthecurrentinstruction,thelocationofthenextinstructiontobeexecuted,andtheoperandsoftheinstruction.
•IntheALU,registersstoredataitemsthatareadded,subtracted,multiplied,divided,andcompared.
•Otherregistersstoretheresultsofarithmeticandlogicoperations.
Instruction
•Aninstructionismadeupofoperationsthatspecifythefunctiontobeperformedandoperandsthatrepresentthedatatobeoperatedon.
•Theprocessor’sjobistoretrieveinstructionsandoperandsfrommemoryandtoperformeachoperation.Havingdonethat,itsignalsmemorytosenditthenextinstruction.
•Thissequenceofstepsisfrequentlyreferredtoasthefetch-decode-executecycle.
KeyWords
•analogous类似的,相似的
•Arithmetic/LogicUnit算术逻辑单元
•awesome惊人的,令人敬畏的
•capability性能,能力
•chip芯片
•decode解码,译码
•exponentiation幂运算
•fetch获取,取得
•instantaneously瞬间地,即时地
•microelectronictechniques微电子技术
•operand操作数
•originality创意,创造力
•overall全部的
•register寄存器
•remarkable显著的,不平常的
•retrieve恢复
•switchboard接线总机
•transistor晶体管
Notes
•[1] Theprogram,whichtellsthecomputerswhattodoandthedata,whichprovidetheinformationneededtosolvetheproblem,arekeptinsidethecomputerinaplacecalledmemory.
•这里的主语是“theprogramandthedata”,由which引导的两个定语从句分别修饰theprogram和thedata。
•译文:
程序的作用是指示计算机如何工作,而数据则是为解决问题提供的所需要的信息,两者都存储在存储器里。
•[2] TheArithmetic/LogicUnit(ALU)isthefunctionalunitthatprovidesthecomputerwithlogicalandcomputationalcapabilities.
•本句由“that”引导定语从句,修饰“thefunctionalunit”。
•译文:
算术逻辑单元(ALU)是为计算机提供逻辑及计算能力的功能部件。
•[3] Forexample,ifaninstructionistoperformtheoperationofaddingtwonumbers,itmustknowwhatthetwonumbersareandwherethetwonumbersare.
•这里的“whatthetwonumbersareandwherethetwonumbersare”作宾语,它由两个并列的从句组成。
•译文:
例如,一条指令要完成两数相加的操作,它就必须知道:
这两个数是什么?
这两个数在哪儿?
•[4] Atimercalledaclockreleasespreciselytimedelectricalsignalsthatprovidearegularpulsefortheprocessor’swork.
•本句中的“thatprovidearegularpulsefortheprocessor’swork”修饰electricalsignals。
•译文:
一个称作时钟的计时器准确地发出定时电信号,该信号为处理器工作提供有规律的脉冲信号。
词组翻译练习
(1) 智能intelligence
(2) 取指—译码—执行fetch-decode-execute
(3) 算术逻辑运算ArithmeticLogicalOperations
(4) 硅silicon
(5) 区别,辨别distinguish
(6) 顺序sequence
(7) 发出,释放release
(8) 兆赫Megahertz
ReadingMaterial:
Mi
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