职称英语理工类考试教材新增文章汇总.docx
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职称英语理工类考试教材新增文章汇总.docx
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职称英语理工类考试教材新增文章汇总
A级完型填空新增文章教材第十五篇文章
YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScores
YoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremorelikelytogoontouniversity,revealsamajornewstudycarriedoutattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital.
TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences(PNAS).Thestudyinvolvedl.2millionSwedishmendoingmilitaryservicewhowerebornbetweenl950andl976.TheresearchgroupanalysedtheresultsofbothphysicalandIQteststheyoungsterstookfightaftertheystartedservingthearmy.
ThestudyshowsaclearlinkbetweengoodphysicalfitnessandbetterresultsfortheIQtest.Thestrongestlinksareforlogicalthinkingandverbalcomprehension.ButitisonlyfitnessthatplaysaroleintheresultsfortheIQtest,andnotstrength.“Beingfitmeansthatyoualsohavegoodheartandlungcapacityandthatyourbraingetsplentyofoxygen,”saysMichaelNilsson,professorattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandchiefphysicianattheSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital.“Thismaybeoneofthereasonswhywecanseeaclearlinkwithfitness,butnotwithmuscularstrength.Wearealsoseeingthattherearegrowthfactorsthatareimportant.”
Byanalysingdatafortwins,theresearchershavebeenabletodeterminethatitisprimarilyenvironmentalfactorsandnotgenesthatexplainthelinkbetweenfitnessandahigherIQ.
“Wehavealsoshownthatthoseyoungsterswhoimprovetheirphysicalfitnessbetweenagesofl5andl8increasetheircognitiveperformance,"saysMafiaAberg,researcherattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandphysicianatAbyhealthcentre.“Thisbeingthecase6,physicalduringisasubjectthathasanimportantplaceinschools,andisanabsolutemustifwewanttodowellinmathsandothertheoreticalsubjects.”
Theresearchershavealsocomparedtheresultsfromfitnesstestsservicenationalservicewiththesocio-economicstatusofthemenlaterinlife.Thosewhowerefitatl8weremorelikelytogointohighereducation,andmanysecuredmorequalifiedjobs.
B级完型填空新增文章教材第十二篇文章
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeens
Whilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettesto"self-medicate"againsttheblues,scientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactuallyincreasedepressivesymptomsinsometeens.
“Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceivedemotional
benefitsofsmokingamongteens,”saysleadresearcherMichaelChaiton,aresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto.“Althoughcigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicatingeffectsortoimprovemood,inthelongtermwefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms.”
Aspartofthestudy,some662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnairesabouttheiruseofcigarettestoaffectmood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipants,urbanandruralschools,andschoolslocatedinhigh,moderateandlowsocioeconomicneighbourhoods.
Participantsweredividedintothreegroups:
neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicate,improvemoodorphysicalstate;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowfelttoofiredtodothings:
hadtroublegoingtosleeporstayingasleep;feltunhappy,sad,ordepressed;felthopelessaboutthefuture;feltvexed,antsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings.
"Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmoodimprovershadhigherrisksofelevateddepressivesymptomsthanteenswhohadneversmoked,"saysco-researcherJennifer0’Loughlin,aprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine."0urstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingareathigherriskofdevelopingdepressivesymptoms."
Theassociationbetweendepressionandsmokingexistsprincipallyamongteensthatuse
cigarettestofeelbetter."It’simportanttoemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmoke,"saysDr.Chaiton.
C级完型填空新增文章教材第三篇文章
WhatIstheCoolestGasintheUniverse?
WhatisthecoldestairtemperatureeverrecordedontheEarth?
Wherewasthislowtemperaturerecorded?
ThecoldestrecordedtemperatureonEarthwas-91℃whichoccurredinAntarcticain1983.
Weencounteraninterestingsituationwhenwediscusstemperaturesinspace.TemperaturesinEarthorbitactuallyrangefromabout+120℃to-120℃.Thetemperaturedependsuponwhetheryouareindirectsunlightorshade.Obviously,-l20℃iscolderthanourbodycansafelyendure.ThankNASAscienceforwell-designedspacesuitsthatprotectastronautsfromthesetemperatureextremes.
ThespacetemperaturesjustdiscussedaffectonlyOurareaofthesolarsystem.Obviously,itishotterclosertotheSunandcolderaswetravelawayfromtheSun.AstronomersestimatetemperaturesatPlutoareabout-210℃.Howcoldisthelowestestimatedtemperatureintheentireuniverse?
Again,itdependsuponyourlocation.Wearetaughtitissupposedlyimpossibletohaveatemperaturebelowabsolutezero,whichis-273℃,atwhichatomsdonotmove.Twoscientists,whosenamesareCornellandWieman,havesuccessfullycooleddownagastemperaturebarelyaboveabsolutezero.TheywonaNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2001fortheirwork—notadiscovery,inthiscase.
Whyisthetwoscientists'worksoimportanttoscience?
Inthel920s,SatyendraNathBosewasstudyinganinterestingtheoryaboutparticleswenowcallphotons.BosehadtroubleconvincingotherscientiststobelievesohecontactedAlbertEinstein.Einstein'scalculationshelpedhimtheorizewouldbehaveasBosethought——butonlyatverycoldtemperatures.
Scientistshavealsodiscoveredthatultra-coldatomscanhelpthemmaketheworld'satomicclocksevenmoreaccurate.Theseclocksaresoaccuratetodaytheywouldonlylose0nesecondeverysixmillionyears!
Suchaccuracywillhelpustravelinspacebecausedistanceisvelocitytimestime(d=v×t).Withthelongdistancesinvolvedinspacetraveltoknowtimeasaccuratelyaspossibletogetaccuratedistance.
A级阅读理解新增文章教材第四十六篇文章
MarvelousMetamaterials
Invisibilitycloakswouldhaveremainedimpossible,foreverlockedinsciencefiction.haditnotbeenforthedevelopmentofmetamaterials.InGreek,"meta"meansbeyond,andmetamaterialscardothingsbeyondwhatweseeinthenaturalworld—likeshufflelightwavesaroundanobject,andthenbringthembacktogether.Ifscientistsevermanagetobuildafull—fledgedinvisibilitycloak,itwillprobablybemadeofmetamaterials.
"Wearecreatingmaterialsthatdon'texistinnature,andthathaveaphysicalphenomenonthatdoesn'texistinnature,"saysengineerDentchoGenov."Thatisthemostexcitingthing."Genovdesignsandbuildsmetamaterials--suchasthoseusedincloaking--atLouisianaTechUniversityinRuston,Louisiana.
Aninvisibilitycloakwillprobablynotbethefirstmajoraccomplishmenttocomefromthefieldofmetamaterials.Otherapplicationsarejustasexcitin.Inmanylabs,forexample,scientistsareworkingonbuildingahyperlens.Alensisadevice——usuallymadeofglass——thatcanchangethedirectionoflightwaves.Lensesareusedinmicroscopesandcamerastofocuslight,thusallowingaresearchertoseesmallthingsoraphotographertocaptureimageofthingsthatarefaraway.
Ahyperlens,however,wouldbemadeofmetamaterials.Andsincemetamaterialscandothingswithlightthatordinarymaterialscan't,thehyperlenswouldbeapowerfult001.Ahyperlenswouldallowresearcherstoseethingsatthesmallestscaleimaginable—assmallasthewavelengthofvisiblelight.
Genovpointsoutthatthescienceofmetamaterialsisdrivenbytheimagination:
Ifsomeonecallthinkofanideaforanewbehaviorforfight,thentheengineerscanfindawaytodesignadeviceusingmetamaterials."Weneedpeoplewhocanimagine,"hesays.
Since2006,manylaboratorieshavebeenexploringotherkindsofmetamaterialsthatdon'tinvolvejustvisiblelight.Infact,scientistsarefindingthatalmostanykindofwavemayrespondtometamaterials.
AtthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciainSpain.JoseSanchez-Dehesaisworkingwithacoustics,orthescienceofsound.Justasaninvisibilitycloakshuffleswavesoflight,an"acoustic"cloakwouldshufflewavesofsoundinawaythat'snotfoundinnature.Inanorchestrahall,forexample.anacousticcloakcouldredirectthesoundwaves——sosomeonesittingbehindacolumnwouldhearthesameconcertastherestoftheaudience.withoutdistortion.
Sanchez-Dehesa,anengineer,recentlyshowedthatit'spossibletobuildsuchanacousticcloak,thoughhedoubtswe'11seeoneanytimesoon."Inprinciple,itispossible,"hesays,butitmightbeimpossibletomakeone,headds.
Otherscientistsarelookingintowaystouselargermetamaterialsasshieldsaroundislandsoroilrigsasprotectionfromtsunamis.Atsunamiisagiant.destructivewave.Themetamaterialwouldredirectthetsunamiaroundtherigorisland.andthewavewouldresumeitsioumeyontheothersidewithoutcausinganyharm.
练习:
1.Whatistrueformetamaterials?
Theyarenonexistentinnature.
2.Ahyperlensisamorepowerfultoolthanatraditionallens
asitcanhelpscientiststoseeeventhewavelengthsofvisiblelight.
3.ScientistsatthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciatrytoinvent
anacousticcloakthatcanshufflewavesofsound.
4.AccordingtoSdnchez—Dehesa,
itispossibletobuildanacousticcloakintheorybutfarfrom.reality.
5.Whatwaysaresomescientistslookingintotoprotecttheislandandoil;rigfromtsunamis?
(Readthelastparagraph.)
Surroundthemwithm
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