商务英语整理.docx
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商务英语整理.docx
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商务英语整理
(1)Organization
达到集体目标要素成本国民收入与支出
AchievecollectivegoalsFactorcostNationalIncomeandExpenditure
投入/产出原材料/成品红利(股息)
Inputs/OutputsRawmaterial/FinishedgoodsDividends
留存利润竞争优势营业额
Retainedprofitcompetitiveedge/advantageTurnover
资产私有/国有部门第一/二/三产业
AssetsPrivate/PublicsectorPrimary/Secondary/Tertiary
产生收入/收益国内生产总值
Generateincome/arevenueGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)
(2)Organization
*Anorganizationisacollectionofpeoplewhichexiststoachievecollectivegoalsandinwhichbehavioriscontrolled.
*Organizationscanbecategorizedbysize,sector,activity,andlegalform.
*MostoftheincomeintheUKisincreasinglygeneratedbythetertiarysector.
*Allorganizationstransforminputsintooutputs.Thisisatransformationprocess.
*Added-valueisthedifferencebetweentheoutputsandthevalueoftheboughtininputs.
*Competitiveadvantageisanaspectofthefirm’sbehaviororperformancewhichgivesitacompetitiveedgeoveritscompetitors.
(3)Decisionmaking
决策过程客户满意度投资评估
DecisionmakingprocessCustomersatisfactionInvestmentappraisal
盈亏平衡分析进入新市场战略/战术决策
Break-evenanalysisEnternewmarketStrategic/Tacticaldecisions
规模经济获得市场支配力现金流
EconomiesofscaleGainmarketpowerCashflow
融资激励人力资源
RaisefinanceMotivationHumanresource
营销短期来看销售队伍
MarketingIntheshortrunsalesforce
(4)Decisionmaking
*Whenundertakingadecisionmaking,afirmwouldsetobjects,gatherandanalyzeinformation,selectacourseofaction,implementandreview.
*Decisionscanbestrategicdecisionsandtacticaldecisions.
*Objectivesoforganizationsincludesurvival,profit,growth,customersatisfactionorprovideaservicetothepublic.
*Factorsafirmcancontrol,butwhichrestrictitsabilitytoachieveitsobjectivesareinternalconstraints.
*Externalconstraintsmayincludepoliticalfactors,economicfactors,socialfactors,technology,etc.
(5)Managementprocess
执行决策动态过程
ImplementdecisionsDynamicprocess
技术/人际/概念技能管理层级
Technical/humanrelations/conceptualskillsManagementhierarchy
组织使命使命书高层经理主管
MissionoftheorganizationMissionstatementSeniormanagers
可量化规章制度主动性
QuantifiableRegulationsInitiative
负激励危机管理
DemotivateCrisismanagement
(6)ManagementProcess
*Managementcoverplanning,organising,motivatingandcontrolling
*Managementskillsincludetechnical/humanresource/conceptualskills
*Managementhierarchydealswithdifferentresponsibilitieswithinanorganization.
*Amissionstatementstatestheoverallaimoftheorganizationanditsvalues
*Objectivemustbequantifiableandtimespecific.
*Whenthingsgowrong,crisismanagementisneeded.
(7)Businessformat
实现自我价值企业家识别机会
SelfactualisationEntrepreneuridentifyopportunities
整合资源商业计划损益表
CombineresourcesBusinessplanProfitsandlossstatement
资产负债表现金流量表预期收益率
BalancesheetCashflowstatementExpectedrateofreturn
独资经营者无限责任管理技能
SoleTraderUnlimitedliabilityManagerialskills
合伙契约专门经营利润分配
DeedofpartnershipSpecializethedivisionofprofits
有限责任非赢利性组织利润为导向
LimitedliabilityNonprofitorganizationsProfit-oriented
(8)Businessformat
1.Anentrepreneurtendtocombineresources,
identifyopportunities,takerisksandmakedecisions.
2.Themainelementsofbusinessplaninclude:
a.adescriptionofthebusiness
b.astatementofitsaims
c.amarketingplan
d.alistofkeypersonnel
e.aprojectedprofitandlossstatement
f.aprojectedbalancesheet
g.aprojectedcashflowstatement
h.detailsofthefinancerequired
(9)BusinessFormat
公司章程公司条例注册地址
MemorandumofassociationArticlesofassociationLocationofregisteredoffice
营业执照上市公司公司法
CertificateofincorporationListedcompanyCompanyActs
股票资本市值审计报告提升形象
MarketcapitalisationAuditor’sreportRaisetheprofile
媒体关注收购披露信息
MediaattentionTake-overRevealinformation
账面价值非执行董事年度股东大会
BookvalueNonexecutivedirectorsAnnualgeneralmeeting
年度决算表公司治理行使权利
AnnualreturnscorporategovernanceExerciseone’spower
优先股发行股股本贷款偿付
PreferencesharesIssuedsharesSharecapitalLoanrepayment
控股公司子公司赢利能力金融机构
HoldingcompanySubsidiaryProfitabilityFinancialinstitution
(10)BusinessFormat
1.Deedofpartnershipisalegaldocumentwhichformsacontractbetweenthepartners.
2.Corporategovernancecoversissuesofwhoreallycontrolsthecompany.
3.BeinglistedontheStockExchangeprovidesaccesstomoreinvestors,andraisestheprofileofthecompanyandattractsmoremediaattention.
4.Tobecomealistedcompany,acompanymustproduceaprospectusgivingdetailsaboutthecompany.
5.Bookvalueisthevalueofcompanystatedinitsaccounts.
(11)BusinessFormat
特许经销/出让人/受让人促销
Franchise/Franchisor/FranchiseePromotion
新产品开发启动成本股权收购
NewproductdevelopmentStart-upcostManagementbuyouts(MBO)
主营业务私有化多国公司总部
CorebusinessPrivatiseMultinationalsHeadquarter
获得税收优惠合资企业战略联盟
GaintaxadvantageJointventuresStrategicalliances
无偿付能力债权/务人清算
InsolvencyCreditor/debtorReceivership
(12)BusinessFormat
*Issuessharemeanstheamountofsharesactuallyissued.
*Aholdingcompanycontrolsothercompaniesbutisnotinvolvedintheirdaytodayrunning.
*Astockexchangeisthemarketforshares.
*Themainshareholdersareusuallyfinancialinstitutions,suchaspensionfunds,notindividuals.
(13)BusinessFormat
*Afranchiseoccurswhenafranchisorsellstherighttouse/sellaproductorservicetoafranchisee.
*Theexistingmanagerstakingoverthecompanyiscalledmanagementbuyouts.
*Amultinationalsisacompanywithproductionbasesinmorethanonecountry.
*Companiesworkingtogetheronspecificprojectsarecalledjointventures/strategicalliances.
*Ifacompanyisinsolvent,itmaybeforcedtoclose.
(14)Smallfirms
中小企业填补市场空缺贷款担保
Smallandmedium-sizedbusinessesServenichemarketLoanguarantee
公司税税收优惠政府干预
CorporationtaxTaxallowanceGovernmentinterference
所得税创业计划
IncometaxBusinessstart-upscheme
(15)BusinessFormat
•Asmallcompanymayhavethetwomaincharacteristics:
_relativelysmallshareofthemarket
_managedbyownersinapersonalisedwaywithoutformalmanagementstructure
(16)Growth
收购/接管/兼并横向/纵向/前向/后向一体化
Acquisition/Turn-over/MergerHorizontal/Vertical/Forward/Backwardintegration
跨行业集团规模(不)经济文化冲突
ConglomerateEconomies/DiseconomiesofscaleCultureclash
垄断发盘销售终端(门店)
MonopolyMakeabidOutlets
大规模生产单位成本协同拆分
MassproductionCostperunitSynergyDemerger/Unbundle
(17)Growth
*Theexternalgrowthcanbeviaacquisition,take-over,andmerger.
*Integrationoccurswhentwoormorecompaniesjointogether.
*Thereasonsofcompanies’mergeareshareresources,gaineconomiesofscaleandquickgrowth.
*Abigproblemofamergedcompanyshouldbecultureclash.
(18)Growth
*Therearethreetypesofintegration.Theyarehorizontalintegration,verticalintegrationandconglomerate.
*Verticalintegrationisdividedintoforwardintegrationandbackwardintegration.
*Asoutputincreases,costperunitfalls,whichisnamedeconomiesofscale.
*Andifacompanygetstoobig,thecostsperunitmayincrease,whichisnameddiseconomiesofscale.
*Synergymeanstheoverallperformanceisbetterthanthesunofthetwoindividuallywhentowcompaniesjointogether.
(19)Businessenvironment
宏观微观内部环境
Macro-environmentmicroenvironmentinternalenvironment
招募利益相关者抵消成本
Recruitmentstakeholdercovercosts
垄断寡头垄断完全竞争
Monopolyoligopolyperfectcompetition
(20)Businessenvironment
Macro-environmentreferstothefactorsbeyondtheimmediatecontrolofthecompany.
Microenvironmentreferstothefactorsintheimmediateenvironmentofthecompany..
Thefunctionsofacompanyare,e.g.marketing,production,financeandhumanresourcemanagement.
Thosegroupswith“stake”orinterestintheorganizationarecalledstakeholders.
Marketscanbecategorizedintomonopoly,oligopolyandperfectcompetition.
(21)Marketingandmarketingplanning
满足顾客需求市场为导向营销组合
Meetcustomerneedsmarket-orientedmarketingmix
中介分销市场份额市场空缺
Intermediarydistributionmarketsharemarketniche
赢利能力产品组合产品生命周期
Profitabilityproductportfolioproductlifecycle
市场细分预算
Marketsfragmentedbudget
(22)Marketingandmarketingplanning
Marketorientationmeanstheorganizationfocusesoncustomerneedsandwants.
MarketingmixarethefourP’s;theyareprice,place,product,andpromotion.NowitispossibletoaddanothertwoP’speopleandprocess
Asmallpartofthemarketwhichmajorproducersarenotconcernedwithiscallednichemarket.
Marketsizereferstothefirmorproduct’smarketshareisitspercentageofallthesalesinthemarket.
(23)Marketingresearch
识别机会促销活动一手数据二手数据
Identifytheopportunitypromotionalcampaignprimarydatasecondarydata
顾客反应定性研究问卷
Customer’sreflectionqualitativeresearchquestionnaire
样本人数概率可信度随即抽样
Samplepopulationprobabilityconfidencerandom
(24)Marketingresearch
Marketingresearchisaprocessofdefiningcorporateobjectives,gatheringinformation,assessingexistingmarketingaudit,settingmarketingobjectives,selectingmarketingstrategy,implementingandlastlyreviewing.
MarketingresearchcanbecategorizedintoPrimaryandSecondary.
Qualitativeresearchisresearchintopeople’smotivation,feelings,behavior.
(25)Marketingresearch
Populationreferstothetotalnumberofitemsorpeopletheresearcherisinterestedin.
Usingstatisticaltechniques,theresultsareexpressedintermsofprobabilityandtheconfidencewithwhichtheyareused.
Segmentationmeansidentifyinggroupsofrelativelysimilarneedsandwantswithinamarket.
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