环境可持续发展新.docx
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环境可持续发展新.docx
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环境可持续发展新
Figure17.13increasingamountsofplasticinTrashplasticareagrowingcomponentofmunicipalsolidwasteinNorthAmerica.
Therearemanytechnicalandeconomicproblemassociatedwithrecycling.Technicalquestionsareofparticularconcernwhenrecyclingplastics.(seefigure17.13)Whilethelasticsusedinpackagingarerecyclsble,therecyclingtechnologydiffersfromplastictoplastic.Therearemanydifferenttypesofplasticpolymers.Sinceeachtypehasitsownchemicalmakeup,differentplasticscannotberecycledtogether.Amilkcontainerislikelytobehigh-densitypolythethylene(HDEP),whileaneggcontainerispolystyrene(PS),andasoftdrinkbottleispolyethylenetherepththalate(PET).
Plasticrecyclingisstillarelativelynewfield.Industyisresearchingnewtechnologiesthatpromisetoincreasethequalityofplasticproducedfromrecycledmaterialsandthatwillallowmixingofdifferentplastics.Untilsuchtechnologyisdeveloped,separationofdifferentplasticsbeforerecyclingwillbenecessary.
Theeconomicsofrecyclingarealsoaprimaryareaofconcern.Thestepped–upcommitmenttorecyclinginmanydevelopednationshasproducedagultofcertainmaterialsonthemarket.Marketsforcollectedmatrrialsfillupjustlikelandfills.Unlessthedemandforrecycledproductskeepspacewiththegrowingsupply,recyclingprogramswillfaceanuncertainfuture.Pricesformaterialscanvarywidelyfromyeartoyear,dependingondemand.
Marketsformaterialscollectedinrecyclingprogramsgrewdramaticallyduringthe1990s.TheestablishmentofarecyclacablesexchangeontheChicagoBoardofTradeallowsforconsumersandproducersofrecyclablematerialstoparticipateinanefficientmarketsothatitislesslikelythatrecyclablematerials.Willbeleftunclaimed.
Thelong-termsuccessofrecyclingprogramsisalsotiedtoothereconomicincentives,suchastsxingissuesandfthedevelopmentofanddemandforproductsmanufacturedfromrecycledmaterial.Governmentpoliciesneedtobereadjustedtoencouragerecyclingerrorts.Suchpoliciesassubsidizingthebuildingofroadsforextractingtimber,taxingforestlandatlowrates,orsellingtreesfromfederallandsatlowpricesartificiallylowerthecostofvirginforestmaterialscomparedtorecycledmaterials.Suchpoliciesseverelyindividuallevel,wecanhaveanimpactbypurchasingproductsmadefromrecycledmaterials.Thedemandforrecyclrdproductsmustgrowifrecyclingistosucceedonalargescale.
SUMMARY
Municipalsolidwasteismanagedbylandfills,incineration,composting,wastereduction,andrecycling.Landfillaretheprimarymenasofdisposal;however,acontemporarylandfillissignificantlymorecomplexandexpensivethanthesimpleholesinthegroundofthepast.Theavailabilityofsuitablelandfilllandisalsoaprobleminlargemetropolitanareas.
About15percentofthemunicipalsolidwasteintheUnitedStateisincinerated.Whileincinerationdoesreducethevolumeofmunicipalsolidwaste,theproblemsofashdisposalandairqualitycontinuetobemajorconcerns.Thereareseveralfromsofcompostingthatcankeeporganicwastefromenteringalandfill.
Themostfundamentalwaytoreducewasteistopreventitfromeverbecomingwasteinthefirstplace.Usinglessmaterialinpackaging,reusingitems,andcompostingyardwasteareallexampletoreducetheamountofwastewegenerate.
About30percentofthewastegeneratedinNorthAmericaishandledthroughrecycling.RecyclinginitiativeshavegrownrapidlyinNorthAmericaduringthepastseveralyears.Asaresult,themakertsforsomerecycledmaterialshavebecomeveryvolatile.Recyclingofmunicipalsolidwastewillbesuccessfulonlyifmarketsexistfortherecycledmaterials.Anotherprobleminrecyclingisthecurrentinabilitytomixvariousplastics.
Futuremanagementofmunicipalsolidwastewillbeanintegratedapproachinvolvinglandfills,incineration,composting,sourcereduction,andrecycling.Thedegreetowitchanyoptionwillbeusedwilldependoneconomics,changeintechnology,andcitizenawarenessandinvolvement.
ISSUES&ANALYSIS(paperorplasticorplastax)
Before2002Ireland’s3.9millionpeoplewereusing1.2billionplasticbagsperyear.Thesebagsweregenerallynonrecyclable,took20to1,000yearstobreakdownintheenvironment,werelitteringthecountrysideandcloggingstormdrains,andwereaddingtotheburdenonthecountry’slandfillsites.
Wordwidesome100,000bird,whale,seals,andturtlesarekilledasaresultofsuffocatingonplasticbags.Ireland‘spopulationismostlyrural,anditswastedisposalsystemispoorlyfunded,makingitanidealplaceforthiskindofinitiative.
Theideaofthe”plastax”ortaxonplasticbagswasfirstannouncedin1999andin2002theenvironmentministerlaunchedtheprogram,oneofthefirstofitskindintheworld.Forevcerybagusedatthecheckoutcounterofthesupermarketa15eurocents(aboutus25-cents)surchargewasadded.Therevenueraisedfromthistaxwouldbeputtowarda“greenfund”forenvironmentalprojectssuchasrecyclingrefrigeratorsandotherlargeappliances.
In2008,Chinabannedfreeplasticbagsfromshopsandsuppemarkets.Thebagsarealsobannedfromairportsandsceniclocations.TheChinesewereusing3billionplasticbagsceveryday,whichaccountedfor37millionbarrelsofcrudeoilayeartomakeallthebagsneededforChina.
IntheUnitedState,whichhaslessthanone-quarterofChina’s1.3billionpeople,almost100billionplasticbagsarethrownouteachyear.Over12millionbarrelsofoilareneededtomanufacturethebags,ofwhichonlyafractionmakeittotherecyclingbin.ItisestimatedthatifeveryoneofNewYorkCity’s8millionpeopleusedonelessgrocerybagperyear,itwouldreducewastebyabout220,000pounds.In2008,SanFrciscobecamethefirstmajorU.S.citytobanpetroleum-basedplasticbagsinlargegrocerystoresanddrugstorechains.In2010,LosAngelesbannedplasticbagsfromstores.Plasticbagshadpreviouslybeenbannedinatleast30remoteAlaskanvillages.
Bangladesh:
Bannedthemanufacturinganddistributionofplasticbagsin2003afteritwasand1998floodsthatsubmergedtwo-thirdsofthecountry.
Denmark:
In2004DenmarkintroducedtheGreentax.Thistaxwasplacedonplasticbagsandisincludedinthewholesalepriceofthebagsandisnotapparenttotheconsumer.
HongKong,China:
Prohibitsretailersoveracertainsizetoprovideplasticbagstocustomersfreeofcharge.
SouthAfrica:
IKEA-theretailerintroduceditsown10-centplasticbaglevy.Sinceitsintroduction,IKEAhasreducedtheirplasticbagconsumptionfrom8,000perweekto250perweek–a97percentreduction.Aldisupermarkets-thissupermarkeychainchargesforplasticsbagsandprovidesfouroptionsforcustomerstocarrytheirgoods.Thesemostcommonoptionchosenisthereusedboxes,orforsmallpurchasesnobags.
India:
IntheDelhiCapitalTerritory,legislationmakestheuseofnon-biodegradableplasticbagsapunishableoffebse.
Italy:
ItaybannedplasticbagsinJanuary2011.Onlybiodeegleversionarepermitted.
Mauritius:
Thisnationhasbannedtheimportorlocalmanufactureofnon-degradablecanbeconsidereddegradable.
Malta:
Maltachargesalowertaxonbagsmadefromdegradableplastic.
Barbados:
Barbadoscharges60percentimportsurtaxonnon-degradableplasticbagsbutonly15percentonoxo-biodegradableplasticbags.
Japan:
Almostanystoreyouvisitinjapan,fromconvenientstorestostreetvendors,willalsonetyouafreeplasticbagforyourpurchase.Althoughtherearesomesupermarkets(likeKyotoCo-po)whichchargeforplasticbags,thisisbynomeansthenorm.Manysupermarkets(likeIzumiya)willgiveyouextrapointsonyourpoint-cardifyoubringyourownbag.
Doyouthinkyourcommunitywouldsupportsuchatax?
Wouldyoufavorataxonplasticbags?
Howwouldabanonplasticbagsalteryourlifestyle?
THINKINGGREEN
1.Buythingsthatlast,keepthemaslongaspossible,andhavethemrepaired,ifpossible.
2.Buythingsthatarereusable,andbesuretoresueandrecyclethem.
3.Useplasticormetallunchboxesandmetalorplasticgarbagecontainerswithoutthruwayplasticliners.
4.Userechargeablebatteries.
5.Skipthebagwhenyoubuyonlyaquartofmilk,aloafofbread,oranythingyoucancarrywithyourhands.
6.Recycleallnewspaper,glass,andaluminum,andanyotheritemsaccepedforrecyclinginyourcommumity.
7.Reducetheamountofjunkmailyouget.ThiscanbeaccomplishedbywritingtoMailPreference,Attn:
Dept:
13885751,DiretMarketingAssociation,P.O.Box282,Carmel,NY10512,Askthatyournamenotbesoldtolargemailing-listcompanies.Youmayalsoregisteronlinebygoingtothewebsite.TypeMailPreferenceServiceintoyourbrowser.Ofthejunkmailyoudoreceive,recycleasmuchofthepaperaspossible.
8.Pushformandatorytrashseparationandrecyclingprogramsinyourcommunityandschools.
9.Compostyouryardandfoodwastes,andpressurelocalofficialstosetupacommunitycompostingprogram.
REVIEWQUESTIONS
1.Howislifestylerelatedtothequantityofmunicipalsolidwastegenerated?
2.Whatconditionsfavorincinerationoverlandfill?
3.Describesomeoftheproblemsassociatedwithmodernlandfills.
4.Whatarefourconcernsassociatedwithincineration?
5.Describeexamplesofsourcereduction.
6.Describetheimportanceofrecyclinghouseholdsolidwastes.
7.Nameseveralstaategiesthatwouldhelptoencouragethegrowthofrecycling.
8.Describewhyelectronicwasteisbecomingamajorproblem.
9.Describethevarioustppeofcompostingandtheroleofcompostinginsolidwastemanagement.
10.Whyisfoodwasteagrowingconcern?
Describehowsomecommunitiesareaddressingthefoodwasteissue.
11.Howislandfillgasturnedintoelectricity?
CRITICAL
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