土木概论.docx
- 文档编号:24636875
- 上传时间:2023-05-29
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:32
- 大小:119.64KB
土木概论.docx
《土木概论.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《土木概论.docx(32页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
土木概论
•CivilEngineeringScience土木工程学
•CivilEngineering土木工程
•CivilEngineer土木工程师
•Structuralengineering结构工程
•Transportationengineering交通工程
•EnvironmentalEngineering环境工程
何为土木工程(WhatisCivilEngineering
CivilEngineeringisthatbranchofengineeringwhichaimstoprovideacomfortableandsafelivingforthepeople.
土木工程的范围(ScopeofCivilEngineering)
Thescienceofcivilengineeringcanbedividedintomany
majorbranchesaccordingtofunctionsperformed:
土木工程的对象(TheObjectofCivilEngineering
Itincludesairfields,bridges,canals(运河),
docks,foundation,harbor,offshoreconstruction
(海洋建筑),railways,riverbasinmanagement
(江河流域的管理),roads,sewagetreatment
(污水处理),sewerage(排水),soilmechanics
(土壤力学),structuraldesign,trafficengineering,
Tunnels(隧道),watersupply(供水),etc.
•SelectedfromDictionaryofCivilEngineering
土木工程师的任务(FunctionsofCivilEngineers)
JohnSmeaton(1724-1792)wasthefirstmaninBritaintocallhimselfacivilengineer.
Today,theworkofaprofessionalcivilengineermaybebroadlydefinedastheplanning,design,construction,andmaintenanceofthemanyandvariedphysicalstructuresnecessaryfortheeconomicwell-beingofsociety.
Asacivilengineer,youmayneedtobe:
•Imaginativeandcreative;
•Adaptable(适应性):
capableofworkinginmanydifferentsituationandconditions;
•Technicallyableandpracticallyminded;
•Capableofcommunicatingeffectivelywithfellowprofessionals,clientsandthelaborforce;
•Capableoftakingdecisionsinvolvinglargesumsofmoney.
•Aftergraduated,youmightbeat
•DESIGNING:
•Designrequiresanunderstandingofcomputerknowledgeaswellasgeneralengineeringskill.
•ToolssuchasAutoCADandFORTRANallowthemodernengineertoworkmuchmoreefficientlythanengineersofthepast.
•Designelectives(选修课程)andstudentorganizationprojectsaregoodsteppingstonestolarge-scaleprojectsintheworkplace.
•Safety,cost,andqualityarethethreegoalssetforeveryproject--thedesignengineercannotsacrificeonefortheothertwo.
•Aftergraduated,youmightbeat
•CONSULTING(顾问咨询):
•Today'sCivilEngineeringconsultantsarespecialized.
•Thegrowingdemandforhighaccuracy(高精度)inthedesignandconstructionofaprojectrequiresstudentstospendmoretimeindifferentdesignelectivesthaninthefield.
•Studentswishingtopursueconsultingshouldaimforatleastamastersdegreeintheirsub-discipline(学科分支)ascredibility(可信性)isoftentheindication(迹象)ofsuccess.
•Aftergraduated,youmightbeat
•CONSULTING:
•Newconsultantstypicallybeginworkinaconsultingdepartmentbeforetheybeginleadingothers.
•Paymentvariesfromlump-sum(一次付清)tobythehourdependingontheproject.
•Theannualincomeofacivilengineeringconsultant,however,isusuallyhigh
•Aftergraduated,youmightbea
•CORPORATERESEARCH:
•Corporateresearch(研究团体)israreintheCivilEngineeringfield.
•Mostworktakesplaceattheuniversitylevel.Largecorporations(e.g.oilcompanies石油公司)employresearchengineerstoexamineefficiencyofexistingstructuresandsystems
•Aftergraduated,youmightbeat
•GOVERNMENTEMPLOYMENT:
•Thestabilityofagovernmentjobprovidesjobsecurity(安全性)ataprice—mainlywages(大体不变的工资).
•Whiletheaveragesalaryofagovernmentemployeeislowerthananengineerintheprivatesector(私营部门),thebenefitsprovidedleveltheplayingfield.Benefitsinclude:
predictableadvancement(可预知的提升),retirementplans,healthcare,andastructuredenvironmenttoworkin.
IntroductionofCivilEngineering
•Introduction
•MaterialsforCivilEngineering
(1)
•FoundationandUndergroundEngineering
(2)
•BuildingEngineering(3、14)
•HydraulicandHydroelectricEngineering(6)
•BridgeEngineering(7)
•RoadandRailwayEngineering(9、11)
•EnergyandEnvironmentalEngineering(10)
•AirportEngineering(12)
•HarborEngineering(13)
第二章
土木工程发展史
(TheHistoryofCivilEngineering)
StoneStructure->WoodenStructure->BrickStructure
•近代土木工程的材料发展:
•TheMeteraildevelopmentonNeotericCivilEngineering:
•1824年波特兰水泥->1867年混凝土->1886钢筋混凝土->1928年预应力混凝土
•1824.PortlandCement
•1867.PureConcrete
•1886.ReinforcedConcrete
•1928.PrestressedConcrete
Tab.1-1TheHighestBuildingStructuresintheWorld
排名
1
2
3
4
5
名称
台北101
大厦
石油双塔
西尔斯
大厦
金贸大厦
国际金融中心
地点
中国台北
马来西亚
美国芝加哥
中国上海
中国香港
高度(m)
508
451.9
441.9
420.6
412.1
排名
6
7
8
9
10
名称
帝国大厦
中环大厦
中银大厦
东京士摩天广场
汉考克
大厦
地点
美国纽约
中国香港
中国香港
中国高雄
美国芝加哥
高度(m)
381
374
343.5
347.9
343.5
第三章
土木工程发展趋势
TheDevelopmentTrendofCivilEngineering
Developtothehigherbuildings
(Developtotheunderground)
(Developtothesea)
(DeveloptotheDesert)
(DeveloptotheOuterSpace)
(DeveloptoInformationizationandintelligentize)
思考题
1什么是土木工程学?
2你对土木工程专业的认识(大土木包括什么内容)?
3你对土木工程专业就业方向的认识?
4就你最感兴趣的(建筑、道路、桥梁三选一)谈谈中国近几年的发展趋势及你的一些看法?
5举例2、3个土木建筑史上较具影响的工程实例
ReviewQuestions
•WhatisCivilEngineering?
•WhatarethemajordivisionsofCivilEngineering?
•WhatarethefunctionsofCivilEngineeringprofession?
Citeexamples
•WhatdidyoulearnfromPisaLeanTower?
•WhatareyouplanningtodoatCivilengineering?
•Casestudies:
•Pisaleantower
•Pisaleantower:
•ThetowerofPisawasconstructedinthreephases.Fourfloorswerebuiltovera5yearsperiodfrom1173to1178.
•Followinganalmost100yearhiatus,threeadditionalfloorswereconstructedbetween1272and1278.
•Thethirdconstructionphaseoccurredmorethan80yearslaterbetween1360and1370whenthebelltower(钟塔)wasadded.
•Therecordsindicatethatduringconstruction,thetowerappearedtomovesufficientlysothatthebuildersusedobliquelycut(斜切的)stonesinanefforttomaintainthefloorsofeachsuccessive(连续的)storyapproximatelyhorizontal.
•ItshowedthatattheendofthefirstconstructionofthetowerhadbeguntoleantowardstheNorthwest.
•Duringthesecondthethirdphases,theangleofinclinationincreasedandtheprincipaldirectionoftilt(倾斜)shiftedfirsttotheNorthwestandthentotheSouth.
第二章 土木工程材料
Chapter2MaterialsforCivilEngineering
•WhatisMaterialsofCivilEngineering?
Itcoversthedevelopment(发展),processing(处理),evaluation(评价),applications(应用),andperformance(性能)ofconstructionmaterialsincivilengineering.
Widevarietiesofmaterialsareusedformakingengineeringstructuresandbuildings.Itisnecessaryforanengineertohaveabasicknowledgeofthesematerialswhichareavailableeitherfromnaturalresourceormanufactured.
MaterialsforCivilEngineering
Bricks:
•Commonbuildingbricksarerectangularsolids,madeofburntclay.
•Theearthusedforthemanufactureofbricksshouldcontain20~30%ofclay(粘土),25~40%ofsandand25~35%ofsilt(煤粉).
•Themanufactureofbricksinvolvesthefollowingfouroperations:
1.Preparationofclay
2.Moulding(模制)
3.Dry
4.Burning
Usesofbricks:
•Theconstructionofwallstocarrytheloadsfromroofstothefoundation
•Toconstructwallsforpartitioning(划分)aroomorenclosinganarea
•Theconstructionofgutters(水槽),drains(排水沟)andarches
•Hollowbricksareusedforsoundandheatinsulation(绝热)purposes
•Firebricksareusedforinsulating(绝缘的)chimneysandovens(火炉)
•Facingbricks(贴面砖)areusedforornamentalpurposes
•Sometimes,bricksareusedforpavingoffootpaths(人行道)orindustrialfloors
Constituentsofbricks:
•Alumina(铝):
It’sthechiefconstituentofclay.
•Silica(二氧化硅):
Thepresenceofsilicapreventscracking,shrinking(收缩)andwarping(弯翘)ofrawbricks.
•Lime(石灰):
Upto5percentoflimeisdesirableingoodbrickearth.
•Oxideofiron(氧化铁):
Thisgivestheredcolourtobricks.
•Magnesia(氧化镁):
Thisimpartsyellowtintstobricksanditreducesshrinkage.
Classificationofbricks:
•SolidBricks(实心砖)
•HollowBricks(空心砖)
•PorousBricks(多孔砖)
Stones:
•StonesareusedinCivilEngineeringconstructionsindifferentforms.
•Stoneblocksirregularinsizecalledrubbles(碎石)areusedforbuildingwalls.
•Smallerirregularstonesareusedforconstructingthebaseoffloorsandroads.
•Stonesbrokenintosmallerpiecesarecalledaggregates.
•Stonesrequiredinthesewaysareobtainedfromrocks.
Cements:
•Evenin100BC,Romanbuildersusedaspecialvolcanicash(火山灰)forcementing(粘合)stones.
•Whenthisashwasmixedwithlimestone(石灰石),burntandcombinedwithwater,itbecameaverystrongcement.
•Thebuildersfoundthiscementwouldhardenwithwater.
•Hence,itwascalledHydrauliccement(水凝水泥).
Usesofcements:
•Tomakecementmortar(砂浆)andcementconcrete
•Widevarietiesofpurposes——staringfromordinaryfoundationtoroofsofmultistoryskyscrapers(摩天楼)
•Sulphateresistingcement(硅酸盐水泥)isusedtoprotectthefoundationsandothercomponentsincontactwiththeearthagainstthechemicalactionofsulphate(硫酸盐)inthesoil
•Rapidhardeningcementandearlystrengthcementhavebeenusedinworkswhichneedearlystrengthgainlikechimneysandunderwaterconcreting(凝固)
•Whiteandcoloredcementsareusedformakingornamentalplastering(涂灰泥)andfloorfinish(地板刷油)
Concrete:
•Whenstoneorgravel(粗砂),sand,cementandwateraremixedtogether,theyformaneasilyworkableplastic(塑性)mixturewhichcanbemouldedandcastintodesiredshapesorstructures.
•Thiscementandwaterintheplasticmixtureundergoachemicalcombination(化合作用)inafewhoursafterthemixingresultsinasolidification(凝固)andgradualhardening(逐步硬化).
•Thismixtureiscalledconcrete.
Concrete:
•ConcreteisastructuralmaterialwhichconsistsofPortlandcement,aggregate(sandandrock),andwater(tomakethe
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 土木 概论