花卉业中的基因工程应用外文翻译.docx
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花卉业中的基因工程应用外文翻译.docx
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花卉业中的基因工程应用外文翻译
外文翻译
原文
GeneticEngineeringInFloriculture
MaterialSource:
PlantCellTissueAndOrganCultureAuthor:
JohnMason
Flowerisakindofspecialproductthatattractspeoplewidely,andasamorningindustryofthenewcentury,flowerindustryisakindofgreenindustrythatembodieseconomic,social,andecologicbenefit.TheworldhasenteredarelativelystablestagesincetheWorldWarII,andflowerindustryhasalsodevelopedrapidlyintheworldwiththerecoveryanddevelopmentofeconomy.Ithasbeenanewandvigorousindustrythatgreatlyattractsbothdevelopedcountriesanddevelopingcountries.Aseriouscompetitiontoflowermarkethasbegunwitheconomicglobalization.Bothflowermanufacturingcountriesandexportcountriesaretryingtheirbesttooptimizethenatureresourcesandhumanresources,especiallytoexpandthemarketaccordingtotheprincipleofbenefitmaximizationonthebasisoffocusingoninformationresourcesandvarietyresources.
TheglobalcutflowerindustryexceedsUS$27billioninannualretailsales(Chandler,2003)andthrivesonnovelty.Cutflowersmakeupaboutone-thirdofthevalueoftheglobalornamentalhorticulturemarket.Domesticationofwildspeciesinconjunctionwithclassicalbreedinghaslongbeentheprincipleroutetogenerationofnoveltyintheindustry.Morerecentlygeneticengineeringhasopenedthedoortofurtherdevelopmentofnovelty.Thisisbestdemonstratedinthe‘Moon’seriestransgeniccarnationsmarketedinNorthAmerica,AustraliaandJapan.Thesecarnationsaretheworld’sfirstgeneticallyengineeredcommercialflowershavingappearedsome10yearsafterthefirstreportsofsuccessinthegeneticmanipulationofflowercolorthroughplanttransformation(Meyeretal.,1987).Theconsiderableactivityinthisareaislikelytogeneratemoreproducts,includingpottedfloweringplants,inthenottoodistantfuture.Whilstmodificationofflowercolorisanobviousmeansofcreatingnovelty,increasingly,asmoreandmoregenesarecharacterize,additionaltraitslendthemselvestomanipulationparticularlythroughtheextensionofclassicalbreedingfollowinggeneticengineering.Thefloralindustryessentiallyconsistsofthreemajorcomponents:
thegrowers,thewholesalersandtheretailerswhosebusinessesarequiteintermingled.Therecenttrendsaremoretowardseliminatingtheintermediaries,thewholesalersbetweenthegrowersandtheretailers,sothattheflowersaremadeavailableatconsiderablylowprices.Lowproductioncostscanconstituteacompetitiveadvantage,andsodoesahighcapacitytoinnovate.Fashionsindemandforflowerschangemorerapidlyandmoreoftenthanbefore.Newproductscanfetchpriceswayabovetheaverage.
Title:
Floralindustry
MaterialSource:
http:
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_industry.
Author:
Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Newflowergrowingcenters
Thecurrentglobalflowermarketisprimarilysuppliedbyspecializedgrowingandexportingcountriesthroughpressurebothfromdemandforhighqualityandrisinglaborcosts.ThelatterareparticularlyhighinthemajorflowermarketsoftheUSA,EuropeandJapanalthoughsignificantlocalflowerproductionpersistsinJapan.
Developingcountriesbenefitfromlowcostofmanuallabor,butskilledlaborandtechnicianscanbeexpensive,particularlywhenexpatriate.Theyalsohaveabundantlight,goodclimaticconditionsandlowlandcosts.Inhillyregionsclosetotheequator(asinKenyaandEcuador)farmerscanexperimentwithidealgrowingconditions(intermsofsoilandmicroclimate).Nevertheless,despitetheirfavorable"natural"growingconditions,anincreasingnumberoftheseexportersarenowproducing"underplastic"or"underglass"becausethisallowsthembettercontroloverdaily(night-day)temperaturefluctuations.Italsohelpstoprotectagainstadverseweatherconditionssuchasfrostsandstorms,andplaguesanddiseasesandthusensuresabettercontrolofproductquality,thekeywordforallambitiousgrowers.
AirfreightaddssignificantlytototalcostandmakesupbyfarthelargestcomponentofoverallcosttotheAfricanproducers.Forexample,costofairfreight,marketing,handlinginEuropeandpackagingmakeup50percentofallcostsforKenyaand62percentforUganda(ABNAMRO).Thereliabilityofairconnectionsisanadditionalriskfactorforexporterslocatedfarfromtheirmainmarkets.
Expertsbelievethattheproductionfocushasmovedfromtraditionalgrowerstocountrieswheretheclimatesarebetterandproductionandlaborcostsarelower.Thishasresultedinaparadigmshiftinthefloralindustry.TheNetherlands,forinstance,hasalreadyshiftedattentionfromflowerproductiontoflowertrading,thoughitplaysanimportantrolestillinthedevelopmentoffloriculturalgenetics.ThenewcentersofproductionaretypicallydevelopingcountrieslikeColombia(secondlargestexporterintheworld),Ecuador,Ethiopia,Kenya,andIndia.OtherplayersinthisglobalindustryareIsrael,SouthAfrica,Australia,ThailandandMalaysia.NewZealand,duetoitspositionintheSouthernHemisphere,isacommonsourceforseasonalflowersthataretypicallyunavailableinEuropeandNorthAmerica.
InAfrica,Kenyaisthelargestexporter,supplyingalargepercentageofEurope'sflowers,theindustrythereisrepresentedbytheKenyaFlowerCouncil.
InSouthAmerica,Colombiaistheleadingflowerproducerandexporteraccountingfor59%ofallflowersimportedtoTheUnitedStatesin2006.TheUnitedStatesimports79%ofitsflowers.Ecuadorhasbecome,inrecentyears,theleadingSouthAmericanroseproducerandiswellknownthroughouttheworldforitshighquality,largeheadedrosesduetothehighaltitudelocationofitsrosefarms.
Transportation
Someflowersaresentpackedflatinboxes.Thisenableslargeamountsofflowerstobepackedinsmallspaceslikeaircraftholds.Otherflowerscannotsurviveforlongperiodsoutofwatersuchasorchids,gerberas(Gerberdaisies)andwaterlilies.Theseareeithersentwiththeirownsealedwatercontainer(calledpicks)oneachstemend-formoreexpensiveortropicalflowers-oraretransportedinbucketsofwater(Thismethodoftransportinwaterisoftenreferredtoas"Procona".Thelattermethodextendsthelifeofflowersandreduceslabortimeasflowersarereadyforsale,butobviouslyalsoreducestheamountofflowersthatcanbetransportedastheyaremuchheavierthandry-packedflowersandhenceairtransportationchargesarehigher.
Flowerstakeanumberofroutestotheconsumer,dependingonwheretheyaregrownandhowtheyaretobesold.Somegrowerscutandpackflowersattheirnurseries,sendingthemdirectlyouttotheconsumersbymailorder.Someflowersaresenttopackingcompanies,whogradetheflowersandarrangetheminbunchesforsaletosupermarketsortodeliverbymailorder.Someflowersaregradedandsleevedbythegrowersandsoldatwholesaleflowermarkets;thewholesalersthensellthemontofloristswhoconditionandarrangetheflowersfortheconsumers.
Post-harvesthandling
Post-harvesthandlingisasimportantasgrowingfordeliveringanattractiveproducttotheconsumer,ifnotmoreso.Inthesamevein,thereliabilityofairconnectionsisascriticalasitscosts.Speedofdeliveryisimportantsinceflowersmustbecarriedtotheirdestinationwithoutdelay.Onlyafewhoursofinattentioncanspoilaflowerandruinmonthsofhardwork.Hence,theimportanceofgoodinfrastructureandefficientorganization.Thisincludespropertransportbetweenfarmsandairport(goodroads,refrigeratedtrucks).
Manythingscangowrongaftertheharvest,particularlyinwarmclimateswherethechanceofdiseaseisgreat.Flowersarehighlyperishableinthepost-harvestchainfromgrowertoconsumer.Floralorganscontinuetogrowactively.Theyhavehighratesofrespiration,whichcontinueafterharvest.Aflowerat30°Cwillrespire45timesfasterthanoneat0°Candconsequentlywillhaveashorterlifespan.Flowersmustbestoredandhandledatlowtemperatures,closeto0°Cbeingthebest.A"coldchain"fromproducertoretailerisessential,includingcoldstorageattheairport.
Humidityisequallyimportant.Flowershaveahighsurface-to-volumeratioduetothethinstructureofpetalsandleaves.Thiscauseshighratesofwaterlossandrenderstheflowersusceptibletomechanicaldamageanddisease.Topreventthis,cutflowersshouldbestoredatabove95percentrelativehumidity.
Theuseofgoodqualitywaterprolongsvaselife.Acleanhandlingandstorageenvironmentisalsoimportant.Adverseconditionscancausebacterialgrowthwhichblocksflowerstems,orfungigrowth,whichinfectsflowerblooms.
Inshort,avoidinggreattemperaturefluctuations,carefulhandling(toavoiddamage)andgoodaircirculationreducetheriskoffungiandotherdiseases.Temperatureandhumidity-controlledtransportationisneededatallstagesofthetransportationprocesstoensurethattheflowersarriveattheirfinaldestinationingoodcondition.
Qualitymanagement
Onlytop-qualityflowersaretradedinternationallybecauseoftheincreasingquality-consciousnessofthecustomers.Competitionissuchthatanythinglessthantop-qualityflowerscanatbestbesoldtoless-demandingdomesticcustomers.Qualityhasseveraldimensions.Flowersshouldbefreefromplaguesanddiseasesandtheyshouldbeundamaged.Theseelementscanbejudgedonvisualinspection.Otherqualityaspects,however,aremoredifficulttojudge.Forinstance,itishardtoseewhetherflowershavebeencorrectlyhandledoncecut.Yetthisisanimportantdeterminantofvaselifeandwhetherornotthebudwillopen.Itisthereasonwhyreputationisso
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