自考英语国家概况汇总版.docx
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自考英语国家概况汇总版.docx
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自考英语国家概况汇总版
knkk Chapter1 LandandPeople
一、本章知识点
1.重点:
①DifferentnamesforBritainanditsparts
2.难点、考点:
①Britain’sofficialname ②BritishCommonwealth
三、课本内容
(一)DifferentnamesforBritainanditsparts
Strictlyspeaking,theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEnglandareallgeographicalnames.
.(seemapofUK).
2.★,sopeoplejustsayBritain,.
(UK)capital:
London
TheRepublicofIreland爱尔兰共和国hasbeenanindependentrepublicsince1949anditscapitalisDublin.
:
England,Scotland,,mostpopulousandrichest,sopeopletendtouse“England”and“English”whentheymean“Britain”and“British”.
大英帝国:
onefourthoftheworld’speopleandonefourthoftheworld’slandarea.
.★如果出简答,则只需要第一句话.
(二)Others
GeographicalFeatures
()
TaiwanStrait:
台湾海峡
2.“Chunnel”:
channel+tunnel,openedtotrafficin1994.()
Smog:
smoke+fog Mortel:
motor+hotel Kidult:
kid+adult
:
BenNevis,1,343minScotland.()
Thelongestriver:
theSevernRiver(338km)
Thesecondlargestandmostimportantriver:
theThamesRiver(336km)()
%ofthepopulationisurbanandonly10%isrural.()
盎格鲁撒克逊人,buttheScots,WelshandIrishareCelts凯尔特人.()
四、总结 ①Britain’sofficialname ②BritishCommonwealth
Chapter2 TheOriginsofaNation(5000BC–AD1066)
一、本章知识点
1.重点:
①ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts ②BasisofmodernEnglishrace:
theAnglo-Saxons ③TheVikingandDanishinvasions ④KingAlfredandhiscontributions ⑤TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences
2.难点、考点:
①theAnglo-Saxons:
Heptarchy七王国;foundationoftheEnglishstate ②KingAlfred ③NormanConquest
三、课本内容
(一)ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts()
,nowFrance,BelgiumandsouthernGermany
——盖尔人,about600BC;布列吞人,400BC,(Britain);比利其人,150BC,(Belgium). Gaelic:
盖尔语
,theIrishandtheWelsh,andtheirlanguagesarethebasisofbothWelshandGaelic.
:
Druidism:
TheCelts’.
(55BC–AD410) :
(Londinium).
(二)BasisofmodernEnglishrace:
theAnglo-Saxons()
,threeTeutonictribes:
Jutes朱特人(fromsouthernDenmark),Saxons,andAngles(bothfromnorthernGermany);AnglesweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople.
2.★Heptarchy七王国——sevenprincipalkingdomssetupbytheAnglo-Saxons:
Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MarciaandNorthumbria.(英国版的战国七雄)Monarchy:
君主制TheAnglo-Saxontribes部落wereconstantlyatwarwithoneanother,eachtryingtogettheupperhand,sothatthekingdomswereoftenbrokenupandoftenpiecedtogetheragain.
,Egbert伯特becameanoverlordofalltheEnglish.
日耳曼人的religion:
Tiu—war,Woden—heaven,Thor—Storms,Freya—Peace
奥古斯丁——thefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.坎特伯雷大教主
6.★Anglo-SaxonslaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate:
dividethecountryintoshires(郡),latercounties;thenarrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystem(三田轮作);manorial庄园system;Witan(议会)(councilormeetingofthewisemen,贤人会议),thebasisofthePrivyCouncil枢密院whichstillexiststoday.
(三)TheVikingandDanishinvasions()
NorwegianVikingsandDanesfromDenmark挪威海盗和丹麦人
“Danelaw”(丹麦法区),thenorthandeastofEngland.
theDanishLeader,.
(四)KingAlfredandhiscontributions
(871-899)(抗击北欧海盗入侵的国家英雄)
2.★hiscontributions:
“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”;reorganizedthefyrd英国民兵(theSaxonarmy);translatedintoEnglishBede’sEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople;establishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.
3.“AlfredtheGreat”
(五)TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences()
knownas“theConfessor”,wasfarmoreNormanthanSaxon心向着诺曼第人(法国),而不是撒克逊人(英国).
:
theKingofNorway,theDukeofNormandy,TostigandHarold(twobrothersofEdward’sQueen);4人对英国有继承权,挪威国王,诺曼底公爵和爱德华国王王后的两个兄弟
因为Harold的死亡,英国被诺曼人打败
.
:
thebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory;thefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablished.法国诺曼第人征服后,威廉成为英国国王,成为英语历史最着明的事件,并且完本建立了封建制度.
四、总结:
历史上定居和入侵英国的不同民族:
Celts,(Romans)Anglo-Saxons,Viking/Dales,andNormans
Chapter3theshapingofthenation1066-1381
本章知识点
1重点:
1England’sfeudalismundertheruleofWilliamtheConqueror;2ContentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatCharter;3OriginsoftheEnglishParliament;4TheHundredYears’WarwithFranceanditsconsequences;5ConsequencesoftheBlackDeath;
2难点\考点:
Englishfeudalism:
Domesdaybook<土地清帐册>;GreatCharter;EnglishParliament;
3课本内容
i.England’sfeudalismundertheruleofWilliamtheConqueror
,男爵largeestatesinEnglandinreturnforapromiseofmilitaryserviceandaproportionoftheland’sproduce.
Thebaronsparceledout分配landtothelessernobles,knightsandfreemen,,unfreepeasantswhowerelittlebetterthanslaves.
★Classstructure等级结构:
theking;barons-tenants-in-chief;lessernobles,knights,andfreemen;villains\serfs
(补充:
baron’soathofallegiance誓词fortheking:
“wewhoareasgoodasyousweartoyou,whoarenobetterthanwe,toacceptyouasourkingandsovereignlordprovidedyouobserveallourstatutesandlaws;ifnot,no.”国王与贵族在封建法规所规定的权力和义务范围内平起平坐.)
2.ReplacetheWitanwiththeGrandCouncil(大会议)
WilliamreplacedtheWitan,thecounciloftheAnglo-SaxonKings,withtheGrandCouncilofhisnewtenants-in-chief,onwhichtheywererequiredtoservewhensummoned.
3.★DomesdayBook:
recordoflands,tenants,andtheirpossessions,.(末日审判书)
Inordertohaveareliablerecordofallhislands,histenantsandtheirpossessionsandtodiscoverhowmuchtheycouldbecalledupontopaybywayoftaxes,WilliamsenthisclerkstocompileapropertyrecordknownasDomesdayBookbecauseitseemedtotheEnglishnotunliketheBookofDoomtobeusedbythegreatestfeudallordofallonJudgmentDay.
注:
.
4.HenryⅡ,founderofthePlantagenetdynasty(金雀花王朝),ruledfor35years.
Henry,founderoftheAngevinDynasty,usuallyknownasthePlantagenetdynasty,becamekingandwentontorulefor35years.
InHenryⅡ’sreignacommonlaw,whichover-rodelocallawandprivatelaw,wasgraduallyestablishedinplaceofthecustomsofthemanorwhichhadpreviouslyvariednotonlyfromshiretoshirebutevenfromonecommunitytoanother.
Thecommonlawistheunwrittenlawcommontothewholepeopleasdistinctfromlawgoverningonlysectionsofit,andis“case-made”,.,basedonprecedentjudgments,andderivedfromacknowledgedcustom.
InHenry’sdaythejurysystem-whoseoriginscanbetracedtoprimitivetrialsinwhichwitnesseswerecalledforwardtosweartotheinnocenceoftheaccused-wasatlastreplacingoldEnglishordealsbyfireandwaterandoldNormantrialsbybattle.
ii.contentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatcharter
1.Crusades(十字军东征).TheresultwasconfrontationbetweenkingJohnandhisbaronsin1215.
2.MagnaCarta,1215
Thebarons’charter,orMagnaCartaasitcametobeknown,waspresentedbyadelegationoftheirclasstothekingandhisadvisersinthesummerof1215ataconferenceatRunnymede,anislandintheThamesfourmilesdownstreamfromWindsor.
3.contents-63clauses:
NotaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovaloftheGrandCouncil;nofreemanshouldbearrested,imprisoned,ordeprivedofhispropertyexceptbythelawoftheland;theChurchshouldpossessallitsrights,togetherwithfreedomofelections;Londonandothertownsshouldretaintheirancientrightsandprivileges,andthereshouldbethesameweightsandmeasuresthroughoutthecountry.
AlthoughMagnaCartahaslongbeenpopularlyregardedasthefoundationofEnglishliberties,itwasastatementofthefeudalandlegalrelationshipbetweentheCrownandthebarons,aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchandalimitationofthepowersoftheking.
4.significance:
regardedasthefoundationofEnglishliberties;thespirit-thelimitationofthepowersoftheking
iii.originsoftheEnglishParliament
1.,underSimondeMontfort,rebelled.
KingjohndefiedMagnaCarta.
Thebarons,underSimondeMontfort,HenryIII’sbrother-in-law,rebelled.
2.provisionsofOxford----GrandCouncilof24members,halftobenominatedbythebaronsthemselves;apermanentbodyofadvisors,withoutwhoseauthoritythekingcouldnotact.
Acivilwarbrokeoutbetweentheking’ssupporters,mostlyforeignmercenaries,andthebaronialarmyledbySimondeMontfort.
1264thekingwasdefeatedbyDeMontfortandtakenprisoner.
3.★theearliestParliament----in1265,2knightsfromeachcounty,2burgesses(citizens)fromeachtown.
TheGreatCouncildevelopedlaterintothelordsandtheCommonsknownasparliament.
3..
nottomakedecisions.
4.underEdwardI,;PrinceofWales,atitleheldbytheheirtothethrone
underEdwardI,HenryIII’sson,Waleswasconquered(1277-1284),atitleheldbytheheirtothethroneeversince.
iv.thehundredyears’warwithFranceanditsconsequences
1.theintermittentwar,1337-1453;thenameisgiventotheintermittentwarbetweenFranceandEnglandthatlastedform1337to1453.
2.thecauses:
partlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic
3.(1327-1377)claimedtheFrenchCrownbyrightofhismotherIsabella,圣女贞德)
Afterhisdeathin1422,theFrench,encouragedbyJoanofArc,theirnationalheroine,drovetheEnglishoutofFrance.
4.By1453,onlyCalais
By1453CalaiswastheonlypartofFrancethatwasstillinthehandsoftheEnglish.
5.ablessingforbothcountries:
goodforthedevelopmentofseparateEnglishandFrenchnationalidentity.
TheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFranceisregardedasablessingforbothcountries;hadtheyremained,thesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldcertainlyhavehinderedthedevelopmentofaseparateEnglishnationalidentity,whileFrenchnationalidentitywashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.
(淋巴腺鼠疫),anepidemicdiseasespreadbyratfleas.
BlackDeathwasthemodernnamegiventothedeadlybubonicplague,,particularlyin1347-1350.
reducedEngland’spopulationfrom4millionto2millionbytheendof14thcentury.
:
muchlandwasleftuntended,.
muchlandwasleftuntendedandtherewasaterribleshortageoflabor.
Itintervenedforthefirsttimetoestablishrulestokeepdownwages.
IV.总结:
WilliamtheConquerorandfeudalism;thelimitationofthekings’power:
GreatCharterandParliament;theHundredYears’war;BlackDeath
Chapter4TransitiontotheModernAge(1455-1688)
I.本章知识点
1.重点:
thenatureandconsequencesofthewarsoftheroses;HenryVIIIandtheEnglishreformation;ElizabethIandParliament;Elizabeth’sreligiousreformandherforeignpolice;DistinctivefeaturesoftheEnglishrenaissance;TheCivilWarsandtheirconsequences;ThecommonwealthunderOliverCromwell;TherestorationandtheGloriousRevolution;
2.难点\考点:
theEnglishreformation;ElizabethI;Englishrenaissance;Therestoration;TheGloriousrevolution;
III.课本内容
一thenatureandconsequencesofthewarsoftheroses
:
arevivalofbaronialactivity;thewarsoftheroseswasfoughtbetweentowbranchesofthePlantagenetfamily,theHouseofLancaster(symbolizedbytheredrose)andtheHouseofYork(thewhiterose)between1455and1485.
ThistimetheinstabilitywascausedbythetwobranchesofthePlantagenetfamily,theHouseofLancasterandtheHouseofYorkbetween1455and1485.
2.thenamewascoinedby19thcenturynovelistSirWalterScott.
Thenamewarsoftheroseswas,infact,coinedbythegreat19thcenturynovelistsirWalterScott,butithasbecometheacceptedwayofreferringtothesebattlesbetweenthegreathouseofLancaster,symb
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