如何写英文论文HowtiwriteIntroduction.docx
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如何写英文论文HowtiwriteIntroduction.docx
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如何写英文论文HowtiwriteIntroduction
HowtowritetheIntroduction
Theintroductioniscertainlythemostreadsectionofanyresearchpaper,anditlargelydeterminesthereadersorreviewersattitudetowardthework.Therefore,itisprobablythemostdelicatepartofthewritingofapaper.Unfortunately,manypeoplefacedifficultieswhenwritingtheintroduction.
Thepurposeofanintroductionistopresentthemotivationbehindtheresearch,withtheintentionofdefendingit.Anintroductionalsoplacesyourpaperinatheoreticalcontextandhelpsthereadertoclearlyunderstandyourobjectives.Inaddition,theintroductionshouldgrabthereader'sattentioncompletely.Below,wediscussthemajorcomponentsthatshouldbeincludedinanidealintroduction.
PartIComponents
I.ThemeorTopic
Abroadthemeortopicofthestudyshouldbestated.
II.AcademicImportance
Theacademicimportanceofthepapershouldbeexplained.
III.LiteratureReview
Theavailableliteratureshouldbesummarizedandpreviousstudiesthataremostrelevanttoyourresearchshouldbecited.Inaddition,ifapreviousstudyisreplicated,itshouldbeclearlystatedalongwithanin-textcitation.
IV.KnowledgeGap
Adiscussionoftheknowledgegapandinconsistenciesfoundshouldfollowtheliterature,andthebenefitsofthestudy'smaincontributionshouldbehighlighted.
V.Researchquestionandobjectives
Aclearindicationoftheresearchquestionaddressedinthestudy,specificobjectivesthatguideyourresearch,thecontextinwhichthestudywasconducted,andtheunitsofanalysisusedinthestudyshouldbeprovidedintheintroduction.
PartIIEffectivewaysofwritingeachcomponent
Thedifferentpartsoftheintroductionareelaboratedinthissection.Includingthesestepswillhelpyoutowriteaneffectiveintroductiontoyourpaper.
I.ThemeorTopic
Beginyourintroductionbyclearlyidentifyingyoursubjectarea.Anoverviewintroductionofthebroadthemeortopicofyourresearchwillhelpreaderstoclearlyunderstandyourresearchdomainimmediately.Inthefirstfewsentencesoftheintroduction,usekeywordsfromyourtitletofocusdirectlyonyourtopic.Thisplacesimmediatefocusonyoursubjectwithoutdiscussinginformationthatistoogeneral.
Itisunnecessaryforyoutogivethedetailsoftheresearchquestionsbecausedetailswillbepresentedattheendoftheliteraturereviewchapteroratthebeginningofthemethodologychapter.
Sinceyourpaperwillalsobereadbypeopleoutsidethedomain,writingthepaperinasimple,yeteffectivewayisessentialforpeopletounderstandtherelevanceofyourresearch.Inaddition,itisimportantthatyouintroducethebroadthemeortopicofyourresearchintheintroductionforthereadertototallyunderstandwhattheresearchisabout.Toachievethis,thefollowingpointsmustbefollowed.
--Avoidtheuseoftechnicaljargonsintheintroduction
--Donotbegintheintroductionwiththeresearchquestionorhypothesis.
--Definetechnicaltermsandconstructs(concepts)
Youmayusethefollowingsentencestructurestoarousethereader’sinterestinthetopicofthethesis.
--OneofthemostessentialcurrentdiscussionsinElectricalEngineeringis.
--ItisbecomingincreasinglydifficulttoignoretheX,Y,andZproblem.
--XistheleadingcauseofcolorbreakupinLiquidCrystalDisplays.
--Inthenewglobaleconomy,Xhasbecomeacentralissuefor.
--InthehistoryofY,Xhasbeenthoughtofasakeyfactorin..
Or,YouMayBeginbyEmphasizingTime
--Inrecentyears,therehasbeenanincreasinginterestin...
--Recentdevelopmentsinthefieldofxhaveledtoarenewedinterestin...
--Recently,researchershaveshownanincreasedinterestin...
--Thepastdecadehasseentherapiddevelopmentofxinmany...
II.AcademicImportance
Inthispart,youshouldanswerthequestion:
Whyyourstudyisworthundertaking.Usuallythereasonscanbeexplainedintermsofpracticalandtheoreticalimportance.Apaper’sacademicvaluecanbedeterminedbythelackofthepreviousresearchonthetopic,andbyhighlightingthegapsandinconsistenciesintheliterature.However,inthispart,youneednotwriteacomprehensivereviewofthefield.Youmayrefertooneormorepreviousstudiesthatmotivatedyoutochoosethisresearchtopic.Morereferenceswillbeintroducedintheliteraturereviewpart.
--Numerousstudieshaveattemptedtoexplain...(e.g.,Smith,1996;Kelly,1998;Johnson,2002).
--Recentevidencesuggeststhat...(Smith,1996;Jones,1999;Johnson,2001).
--SurveyssuchasthoseconductedbySmith(1988)showthat...
--Severalattemptshavebeenmadeto...(Smith,1996;Jones,1999;Johnson,2001).
III.LiteratureReview
Asummaryoftheavailableliteratureshouldbeconciseandshouldmostlyincluderecentstudiesthataredirectlyrelatedtotheresearch.Inaddition,somestudiesthatshouldbeincludedmustbefromtherecentpast(i.e.,studiesfromthelastfiveyears).Iftheresearchisareplicationofapreviousstudy,abriefintroductiontothatstudyalongwiththecitationshouldbementionedinthissection.
Aliteraturereviewformsthetheoreticalbasisofanarticleanddiscussespublishedinformationinaparticularfield.Itcanbejustasummaryofthesources,butitusuallyisanorganizationalpatternandanalysis,andsynthesis,i.e.,arecap,evaluation.andreorganizationofinformation.Generally,aliteraturereviewprovidesanewinterpretationofpaststudies,combinesnewinterpretationswithpreviousinterpretations,ortracestheintellectualprogressionofthefield.Thiscanrelatethestudytopreviousstudiesinthefield.Aliteraturereviewscanbewrittentoprovideatheoreticalframeworkandrationaleforaresearch.
Therearefourquestionsthatresearchersneedtoexaminewhenwritingaliteraturereview.
--Whichaspectsshouldbeincludedinaliteraturereview?
--Howshouldtheinformationbesynthesizedinaliteraturereview?
--Howshouldtheliteraturereviewbestructured?
--Whatwritingstyleshouldbeusedwhenwritingaliteraturereview?
1)WhichAspectsShouldBeIncludedinaLiteratureReview?
Aneffectiveliteraturereviewshouldalwaysincludethefollowingcomponents:
--Abriefdiscussionofwhereandhowthestudyorresearchconformstothebroader
viewofthefield.
--Adefinitionofallthekeyconceptsandconstructsusedinthepaper.
--Adiscussionthatfocusesandsynthesizespreviousrelevantresearchfindings.
--Asummaryoftheexistingapproachesexplaininghowpreviousresearch-measuresconstructsthecurrentstudymeasures.
--Atheoreticalsupportforthehypothesestobetested.
Reviewerswilllookforthesefiveaspectsintheliteraturereview.However,theseaspectsshouldnotbeusedasmainheadings.
2)HowShouldtheInformationinaLiteratureReviewBeSynthesized?
Sincealiteraturereviewisnotachronologicalsummaryofthepaper,itisnecessarytosynthesizeexistingknowledge.Thisshouldbedonewithoutplagiarizingorparaphrasingpreviousstudies.Thissectionelaboratesonhowtosynthesizethreetypesofinformation,namelydefinitions,listsofattributesorfactors,andopposingviewpoints.
Definitions
Allconceptsorconstructsandtechnicaltermsneedtobedefinedintheliterature.Itisbesttodefinetheconceptortermimmediatelyafteritsfirstmentioninthepaper.However,thesedefinitionsshouldnotbeborrowedfrompreviousresearch;ratherarevieweddefinitionshouldbeprovided.
GeneralKeywordMeanings/ApplicationofMeanings
--ThetermXhascometoreferto...
--ThetermXisgenerallyunderstoodtomean.
--ThetermXhasbeenappliedtosituationswherestudents.
--Inbroadbiologicalterms,xcanbedefinedasanystimulusthatis
--WhileavarietyofdefinitionsofthetermXhavebeensuggested,thispaperusesthedefinitionfirstsuggestedbyThomas(1998),whosawitas...
--Throughoutthispaper,thetermXrefersto...
--Thisarticleusestheacronym/abbreviationXYZ.
Inaformalsentencedefinition,thetermbeingdefinedisfirstassignedtoaclassorgrouptowhichitbelongsandthendistinguishedfromothertermsintheclass.
--Astarisacelestialbodythatshinesbyitselfandwhosesourceofenergyisnuclearfusionoccurringinitscore.
--Asolarcellisadevicewhichconvertstheenergyofsunlightintoelectricenergy.
--Ecologyisascientificstudythatisconcernedwiththedistributionandabundanceoflifeandtheinteractionsbetweenorganismsandtheirnaturalenvironment.
AttributesorFactors
Generally,authorslistthedifferentattributes,factors,elements,orissueswhendiscussingasimilartopic.Thesefactorssuggesttheeffectivenessofaparticularmethodortechnique.However,theseattributesorfactorsshouldnotbemerelylistedintheliteraturereview.Instead,asummaryofthesefactorsshouldbeincludedintheliteraturereview.
--Therearethreereasonswhylanguageresearchhasbecomesoimportant.Theseare…
--TherearegenerallytwooutcomeswhenapatientundergoesX.Theseare…
--Thedisadvantagesofthenewapproachcanbediscussedunderthreeheadings,whichare…
--MartinezandRodriguez(1999)listedX,YandZasthemajorcausesofinfantmortality.
--Jamison(2008)suggestedthreeconditionsforitsacceptance.First,Xshouldbe…second,itneedstobe…Third,…
OpposingViewpoints
Severalauthorsstudyingasimilarproblemmayhaveopposingviewpoints.Adiscussionofdifferentviewpointscanhelpthereaderstounderstandthecurrentknowledgebetter.
Hereisalistofsentencestructuresusedtopresentdifferentviewpoints.
--However,SmithmakesnoattempttodifferentiatebetweenvarianttypesofX.
--Jone
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