TPO阅读44文本答案翻译.docx
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TPO阅读44文本答案翻译.docx
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TPO阅读44文本答案翻译
TPO-44
FromFishtoTerrestrialVertebrates
OneofthemostsignificantevolutionaryeventsthatoccurredonEarthwasthetransitionofwater-dwellingfishtoterrestrialtetrapods(four-limbedorganismswithbackbones).Fishprobablyoriginatedintheoceans,andourfirstrecordsofthemareinmarinerocks.However,bytheDevonianPeriod(408millionto362millionyearsago),theyhadradiatedintoalmostallavailableaquatichabitats,includingfreshwatersettings.Oneofthegroupswhosefossilsareespeciallycommoninrocksdepositedinfreshwateristhelobe-finnedfish.
ThefreshwaterDevonianlobe-finnedfishrhipidistiancrossopterygianisofparticularinteresttobiologistsstudyingtetrapodevolution.Thesefishlivedinriverchannelsandlakesonlargedeltas.Thedeltarocksinwhichthesefossilsarefoundarecommonlyredduetooxidizedironminerals,indicatingthatthedeltasformedinaclimatethathadalternatewetanddryperiods.Iftherewereperiodsofdrought,anyadaptationsallowingthefishtosurvivethedryconditionswouldhavebeenadvantageous.Intheserhipidistians,severalsuchadaptationsexisted.Itisknownthattheyhadlungsaswellasgillsforbreathing.Crosssectionscutthroughsomeofthefossilsrevealthatthemudfillingtheinteriorofthecarcassdifferedinconsistencyandtexturedependingonitslocationinsidethefish.Thesedifferencessuggestasadlikecavitybelowthefrontendofthegutthatcanonlybeinterpretedasalung.Gillswereundoubtedlythemainsourceofoxygenforthesefish,butthelungsservedasanauxiliarybreathingdeviceforgulpingairwhenthewaterbecameoxygendepleted,suchasduringextendedperiodsofdrought.So,thesefishhadalreadyevolvedoneoftheprimerequisitesforlivingonland:
theabilitytouseairasasourceofoxygen.
Asecondadaptationofthesefishwasinthestructureofthelobefins.Thefinswerethick,fleshy,andquitesturdy,withamedianaxisofbonedownthecenter.Theycouldhavebeenusedasfeeblelocomotordevicesonland,perhapsgoodenoughtoallowafishtoflopitswayfromonepoolofwaterthatwasalmostdrytoanadjacentpondthathadenoughwaterandoxygenforsurvival.Thesefinseventuallychangedintoshort,stubbylegs.ThebonesofthefinsofaDevonianrhipidistianexactlymatchinnumberandpositionthelimbbonesoftheearliestknowntetrapods,theamphibians.Itshouldbeemphasizedthattheevolutionoflungsandlimbswasinnosenseananticipationoffuturelifeonland.Theseadaptationsdevelopedbecausetheyhelpedfishtosurviveintheirexistingaquaticenvironment.
Whatecologicalpressuresmighthavecausedfishestograduallyabandontheirwateryhabitatandbecomeincreasinglyland-dwellingcreatures?
ChangesinclimateduringtheDevonianmayhavehadsomethingtodowiththisiffreshwaterareasbecameprogressivelymorerestricted.Anotherimpetusmayhavebeennewsourcesoffood.Theedgesofpondsandstreamssurelyhadscattereddeadfishandotherwater-dwellingcreatures.■Inaddition,plantshademergedintoterrestrialhabitatsinareasnearstreamsandponds,andcrabsandotherarthropodswerealsomembersofthisearliestterrestrialcommunity.■Thus,bytheDevonianthelandhabitatmarginaltofreshwaterwasprobablyarichsourceofproteinthatcouldbeexploitedbyananimalthatcouldeasilyclimboutofwater.■Evidencefromteethsuggeststhattheseearliesttetrapodsdidnotutilizelandplantsasfood;theywerepresumablycarnivorousandhadnotdevelopedtheabilitytofeedonplants.■
Howdidthefirsttetrapodsmakethetransitiontoaterrestrialhabitat?
Likeearlylandplantssuchasrhyniophytes,theymadeonlyapartialtransition;theywerestillquitetiedtowater.However,manyproblemsthatfacedearlylandplantswerenotapplicabletothefirsttetrapods.Theancestorsoftheseanimalsalreadyhadacirculationsystem,andtheyweremobile,sothattheycouldmovetowatertodrink.Furthermore,theyalreadyhadlungs,whichrhipidistianspresumablyusedforauxiliarybreathing.Theprincipalchangesfortheearliesttetrapodswereintheskeletalsystem—changesinthebonesofthefins,thevertebralcolumn,pelvicgirdle,andpectoralgirdle.
P1:
OneofthemostsignificantevolutionaryeventsthatoccurredonEarthwasthetransitionofwater-dwellingfishtoterrestrialtetrapods(four-limbedorganismswithbackbones).Fishprobablyoriginatedintheoceans,andourfirstrecordsofthemareinmarinerocks.However,bytheDevonianPeriod(408millionto362millionyearsago),theyhadradiatedintoalmostallavailableaquatichabitats,includingfreshwatersettings.Oneofthegroupswhosefossilsareespeciallycommoninrocksdepositedinfreshwateristhelobe-finnedfish.
1.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfishevolution?
A.Lobe-finnedfishwereamongtheearliesttypesoffishtoappear.
B.Fishbeganlivinginfreshwaterhabitatsonlyafteroriginatingelsewhere.
C.Lobe-finnedfishradiatedintoalmostallavailableaquatichabitats.
D.DuringtheDevonian,lobe-finnedfishweremorecommoninmarinethaninfreshwaterhabitats.
P2:
ThefreshwaterDevonianlobe-finnedfishrhipidistiancrossopterygianisofparticularinteresttobiologistsstudyingtetrapodevolution.Thesefishlivedinriverchannelsandlakesonlargedeltas.Thedeltarocksinwhichthesefossilsarefoundarecommonlyredduetooxidizedironminerals,indicatingthatthedeltasformedinaclimatethathadalternatewetanddryperiods.Iftherewereperiodsofdrought,anyadaptationsallowingthefishtosurvivethedryconditionswouldhavebeenadvantageous.Intheserhipidistians,severalsuchadaptationsexisted.Itisknownthattheyhadlungsaswellasgillsforbreathing.Crosssectionscutthroughsomeofthefossilsrevealthatthemudfillingtheinteriorofthecarcassdifferedinconsistencyandtexturedependingonitslocationinsidethefish.Thesedifferencessuggestasadlikecavitybelowthefrontendofthegutthatcanonlybeinterpretedasalung.Gillswereundoubtedlythemainsourceofoxygenforthesefish,butthelungsservedasanauxiliarybreathingdeviceforgulpingairwhenthewaterbecameoxygendepleted,suchasduringextendedperiodsofdrought.So,thesefishhadalreadyevolvedoneoftheprimerequisitesforlivingonland:
theabilitytouseairasasourceofoxygen.
2.Accordingtoparagraph2,whatdothemineralsinthedeltarockscontainingrhipidistiancrossopterygianfossilsreveal?
A.Thesedeltasformedindryperiodsbutgraduallybecamewetter.
B.Thesedeltascontaindifferenttypesofironmineralsthandothesurroundingareas.
C.Mostrhipidistiancrossopterygianfishdiedwhentheclimatebecamedry.
D.Rhipidistiancrossopterygianfishlivedinareasthatexperiencedalternatedryandwetperiods.
3.Theword"advantageous"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.beneficial
B.necessary
C.remarkable
D.common
4.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthatmudinsiderhipidistiancrossopterygianfossilsdifferedinconsistencyandtexturedependingonwherethemudwaslocated?
A.Toprovideevidencethatrhipidistiancrossopterygianlivedinriverchannelsandlakesonlargedeltas.
B.Toidentifyaneffectoftheoxidationofironmineralsontheevolutionofrhipidistiancrossopterygian.
C.Tohelpexplainwhyscientistshaveconcludedthatrhipidistiancrossopterygianprobablyhadlungs.
D.Toexplainwhyscientistsdecidedtocutcrosssectionsthroughsomefossilsofrhipidistiancrossopterygian.
5.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Becausethelungsofthesefishwereabletoprovideonlyasmallamountofoxygen,thesefishobtainedmostoftheiroxygenthroughtheirgillsduringperiodsofdrought.
B.Duringperiodsofextendeddrought,thesefishusedtheirlungstoincreasetheirintakeofoxygenbeyondthelevelsabsorbedbythegillsinnormaltimes.
C.Althoughthesefishprimarilyusedtheirgillstoobtainoxygen,theyusedtheirlungstoobtainoxygenfromtheairwhentherewasnotenoughinthewater.
D.Duringperiodsofextendeddrought,thegillsbecameanauxiliarybreathingdeviceandthelungsbecamethemainsourceofoxygenforthesefish.
6.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Becausethelungsofthesefishwereabletoprovideonlyasmallamountofoxygen,thesefishobtainedmostoftheiroxygenthroughtheirgillsduringperiodsofdrought.
B.Duringperiodsofextendeddrought,thesefishusedtheirlungstoincreasetheirintakeofoxygenbeyondthelevelsabsorbedbythegillsinnormaltimes.
C.Althoughthesefishprimarilyusedtheirgillstoobtainoxygen,theyusedtheirlungstoobtainoxygenfromtheairwhentherewasnotenoughinthewater.
D.Duringperiodsofextendeddrought,thegillsbecameanauxiliarybreathingdeviceandthelungsbecamethemainsourceofoxygenforthesefish.
P3:
Asecondadaptationofthesefishwasinthestructureofthelobefins.Thefinswerethick,fleshy,andquitesturdy,withamedianaxisofbonedownthecenter.Theycouldhavebeenusedasfeeblelocomotordevicesonland,perhapsgoodenoughtoallowafishtoflopitswayfromonepoolofwaterthatwasalmostdrytoanadjacentpondthathadenoughwaterandoxygenforsurvival.Thesefinseventuallychangedintoshort,stubbylegs.ThebonesofthefinsofaDevoni
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