top10美国流行英语词汇必备学习.docx
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top10美国流行英语词汇必备学习.docx
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top10美国流行英语词汇必备学习
美式论文、报告写作技巧
编者按:
美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用,因此,报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式,比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文(含毕业论文)等。
研究生presentation及seminar的机会更是占很大的比重,有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。
如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩,是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。
美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯,在启发式的教育环境下,写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生,虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强,但是表达能力由於自小培养,加上英语能力的优势,常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。
反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练,因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦,其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难,只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。
通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries),本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成;而这三大部分各自内容如下:
(一)篇首:
封面(Title)
序言(Preface)
谢词(Acknowledge)
提要(Summary)
目录(TablesandAppendixes)
(二)本文:
引言(Introduction)
主体,含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section)、以及注释(Footnotes)
(三)参考资料:
参考书目(ReferencesorBibliography)
附录资料(Appendix)。
进行论文或报告写作之前,先要确定想要表达的主题,主题确定后,将其具体表达,即为题目。
题目可以提供研究者:
一.研究的方向
二.研究的范围
三.资料搜集的范围
四.预期研究成果
通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究,建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。
构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal的先前步骤,大纲是论文、报告的骨干,Proposal是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。
如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。
好的论文或研究报告,要基于在完整、详实的资料上,而参考资料除了和教授商借之外,最主要的来源就是图书馆了,一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志,及会议性质的资料。
此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料,在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。
当一切准备就绪,即可开始着手写报告,一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告,及小报告如Seminar式的报告。
就算是小报告,也至少应含
(一)TITLEPAGES:
包含主题名称、作者、日期
(二)Summary:
即主要的结论
(三)Introduction:
包括理论背景及内容
(四)TechnicalSections:
是论文的主体,为最重要的部份应再细分为几个片断。
(五)Conclusions:
即扼要的结论
(六)Appendixes:
复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在此项
美式报告的撰写通常要打字,两行式,行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。
写报告通常需要用到电脑,如有计算数字统计图表的需求,也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS,统计分析软体如SAS,也是不可或缺的,电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具,文书处理更是最基本的要求,因此WordforWindow、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。
此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改,如能请老美帮忙会比较好。
论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation),用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战,通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟,若是论文囗试则至少一小时。
投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助,正式讲演前多预习几次,时间宜控制适中,上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念,需留意听众的反应,切中主题,避免太多数字的导引。
§2003top10美国流行英语词汇§
Lewisburg,PA.December26,2003.yourDtheWeb'smostcompletelanguageresource,todayreleaseditsTop10Wordsof2003,featuringwordsthathavemadethenewsthisyear.Thecompletelistincludesthetopphrases,thetopnames,thebestandworstproductnames,topEnroninspiredwords,topYouthSpeakwords,andothers.Thefulllistisavailableatthecompanywebsite,yourD.
"ThisyeartheIraqiWarhasdominatedtheEnglishlanguageasithasdominatedthenews,"saidRobertBeard,CEOofyourDictionary.
TopTenWordsof2003
1.Embedded Newscorrespondentsembeddedinmilitaryunitssuggestedtomanythatnewscorrespondentswereinbedwiththemilitary.
2.Blog Weblogshavecomeofageand,regrettably,thislexicalmutationwiththem.
3.SARS FarmanimalsstrikebackatthehumanswhoeatthemagainwithSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome.TheFlu(withacapital"F")ispushingrightbehind.
4.Spam ThisoldwordnowreferstoaplaguecontendingwithSARSfordestructivepotential.CouldtheFlu(withacapital"F")beanyworse?
5.Taikonaut TheChineseastronautdistractedourattentionfromtextilesandcopyrightstoremindusthatChinaisarisingindustrialpower.
6.Bushism Thiswordnowhasarealpossibilityforremaininginthelanguage.(DanQuaylehaslosthischanceofmakingsolecismshiscontributiontopoliticalhistory.)
7.Allision TheNationalTransportationandSafetyBoardininvestigatingtheStatenIslandferrytragedyconcludeditwasn'tacollision(betweentwomovingobjects)butanallision(acrashwithanimmoveableobject).
8.Recall AsinCaliforniaRecallthatresultedintheelectionofAhh-noldastheGovernator.
9.Middangeard MiddleEnglishforMiddleEarthinthemoviesofTolkien'strilogy,stillfascinatingmillionsaroundtheworldwithitscharactersandinsightsintotheoriginsoftheEnglishlanguage.
10.Celibacy ThewordwhichholdsthekeytoendingtheseeminglyeternalscandaloftheUSCatholicChurch.
TopTenPersonalNamesof2003
1.SaddamHussein JustcrawledoutoftheSpider-Holeandbackintothespotlight.
2.W.(Dubya) Can'ttalkhiswayoutofthenews.(SeetheTopBushMispronunciationsbelow.)
3.RushLimbaugh Howmanypillsactuallyfitintoacigarbox?
4.MarthaStewart Notreally'cookingthebooks'butnotquitekosher,either.
5.Pvt.JessicaLynch Herrescueenthralledthenationdesperateforgoodnews.
6.HowardDean ThedoctorfromnowherenowhastheteamwiththeroadmapfromnowheretotheWhiteHouse-Clinton-Gore.
7.PopeJohnPaulII 25yearsinthePapacyhavetakentheirtollbutheisstillwithus.
8.Ahh-nold That'sCalifornia'snewGovernatoraftercruisingovertheCountofBustamanteintherecallelection.
9.ParisHilton Theheiress,apparentlynamedafteroneofhergrandfather'shotels,landedajobontheFoxNetworkwiththeInternetdistributionofher'extracurricularactivities'.
10.HansBlix Whose"hans"seemtobetiedinhissearchfortheelusiveWMDs.
TopTenYouthspeakWords
1.WhatUp?
Presentincarnationoftheeverpopular:
Wassup?
2.Giveitup!
Replacesthesquare:
pleaseapplaudfor?
/P>
3.Shutup!
YouthSpeakfor'Really?
'
4.Stog Cigarette,shortfor'stogey'.
5.SNAG SensitiveNew-AgeGuy.
6.Hottie Objectofaffection,eitherpersonallyorintheculturalmilieu.
7.Poppins Perfect,asin'MaryPoppinsisperfectineveryway.'
8.TrickedOut Souped-up.
9.RiceRockets TrickedoutJapanesecompacts,asopposedtoAmerican'muscle'cars.
10.SideShow Temporarilycordoningoffafreewaytoperformoutrageouscarstuntsintricked-outricerockets.
TopPhrasesof2003
1.Shock-and-Awe RemembertheinitialstrategyoftheIraqiWar?
TherewasprobablymoreofthiswhenwewatchedSaddamHusseinemergefromhis'spider-hole.'
2.RushtoWar SomethingtheUSwasaccusedofbyouralliesandthesloganofliberalsattackedbyLimbaugh.
3.TirePressure AnnouncedtheimminentdisintegrationoftheSpaceShuttle.
4.WeaponsofMassDestruction (orWMD).ThereasongivenfortheRushtoWar.Removingagenocidalmaniacwasn'treasonenough?
5.16Words "TheBritishgovernmenthaslearnedthatSaddamHusseinrecentlysoughtsignificantquantitiesofuraniumfromAfrica."Alwayscheckyoursources.
6.GuantanamoBay TheUSJusticeandDefenseDepartmentsthoughttheywould"Gitmo"cooperationfromsuspectedterroristsoffshore.
7.Spider-Hole Lookslikethisoneisgoingtostickaroundforawhile:
Sen.LiebermanisalreadyaccusingHowardDeanof'crawlingintoaspider-holeofdenial'.(Don'tstepinthat.)
8.TippingPoint Whenanytopicmovesfromoneleveltothenextorthestateofapoliticianoneword(ordrink)awayfromfallingflatonhisface.
9.AngryLeft TheearlyfollowersofHowardDeanseemtohavefrightenedhimtothecenter.
10.HalliburtonEnergyServices VicePresidentCheney'soldcompanywassupplyingourfightingmenandwomenwithfuelatenlightenedpricesbeforethedustsettledinIraq(ifithassettledyet).
5TopMispronunciationsbyPresidentBushin2003
1.a-MERR-ca a-MER-i-ca(America)
2.NEW-cue-ler NEW-clee-er(nuclear)
3.JU-ler-ee JU-wel-ree(jewelry)
4.Anzar SpanishPrimeMinisterJoseMariaAznar
5.Ne-VAH-duh Ne-VAE-duh)(Nevada)
BestNewProductNames
1.WayCool Forconcernedparents,thiscarwindowshadeactuallybeginstoturnwhitewhenthetemphits85?
F.
2.ThermosFire+IceGrill2Go Transportablegasgrillandcoolerinoneunit.
3.Chronospan Storagesoftwarethatprotectsallyourdataallthetime.
4.iTunesMusicStore Apple'sNapster-likesitefordownloadablemusic.
WorstNewProductNames
1.Hywire GM'snameforitsnewexperimentalfuelcellcarthatsuggests
(1)apotentiallyfatalactinacircus,inan
(2)anelectricvehicle(aspectacularautomotivefailure).Ofcourse,(3)nooneoutsideGMwillevercallit"Hywire"because"Haywire"willalwaysbegoodforaneasylaugh.
2.Silk From"soy+milk"Compoundedbythecompanyslogan"Silkissoy."No,itisn't;itisakindoffinethread.Youdon'twantanamethatrequiresexplanation.
3.Poolife Hereisanameinneedofahyphen(itseemstoalreadyhaveacolon).Wouldyouwanttoputaproductwiththismonikerinwateryouoccasionallygulp?
4.Clonaid Thenameforthecultthattriedtoclonethefirsthuman.Theycertainlycouldusesomeaid.Butwasthisasimplecaseofmisspelling-didtheyactuallymean"Clownaid"?
5.Bene- Benedryl(AndnowIwannabeasaw),Benefiber(nowIwannabearope),Benefun(?
).Wecannolongerignorethesillyuseofbene-whichcanconveythesenseof"good"梑utwordsalsohavepronunciations.
TopEnronInspiredWords
1.Enrosion Shrinkingofthevalueof401Kplansasaresultofentrepreneurialpiracy.
2.Entronpy Thesuddendissipationofaccumulatedassetsintonothingness.
3.Enro Unitofcurrencythatusedtobeworthmuchmorethanitisnow.
4.Enronitis Itseemstobecontagious,too.
5.ChronicEnronitis Itisspreadingandwon'tgoaway,either.
TopInternetWordsMovingintoWidespreadUse
1.Ping Sendareminder,asin'Pingmeaboutthat!
'
2.Multitask Toperformseveraltasksatthesametime.
3.10X Inhightechjargon,thecompetitiveadvantagethatseparatesacompanyfromitscompetition.
4.Offline Thereplacementfor"outofit,"as'Areyoulisteningorareyouoffline?
'
5.Bandwidth
Capacity,as'We'llhavetoincreaseourbandwidthtohandletheorder.'
TopSports-relatedWords
1.Zim Asin'tobezimmed'coinedafter70-yearoldNewYorkYankeesbenchcoachwholurchedatPedroMartinezintheAmericanLeagueChampionshipSeries.
2.BCS Collegefootball'sBowlChampionshipSerieshasbeencalledthe"BogusChampions
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