八年级英语语法概括.docx
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八年级英语语法概括.docx
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八年级英语语法概括
不定代词
1、不定代词概说
不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。
英语的不定代词有 all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other,
another, some, any, no, (a) few, (a) little, both, enough, every 等,以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词(即somebody, anyone, nothing 等)。
在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词 none 以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而 no
和 every 则只用作定语。
二、指两者和三者的不定代词
有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),
注意不要弄混:
Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。
All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。
There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树。
He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子,都不富有。
He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子,都不富有。
【说明】each 可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而 every 只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用
each,不能用 every。
如不能说 There are trees on every side of the road.
三、复合不定代词的用法特点
复合不定代词包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing,
nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等。
它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。
something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句(参见 any & some)。
具体使用时应注意以下几点:
1. 复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面:
There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。
Have you seen anyone [anybody] famous?
你见过名人吗?
2. 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。
但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their:
Everyone knows this, doesn’t he [don’t they]?
人人都知道这一点,不是吗?
If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。
3. 指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用 it,而不用 they:
Everything is ready, isn’t it?
一切都准备好了,是吗?
4. anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。
若是指物或后接 of 短语,可用 any one, every one (分开写):
any one of the boys (books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)
every one of the students (schools) 每一个学生(一所学校)
四、是any not 还是 not any
按英语习惯,any 以及含有any的复合不定代词用于否定句时,它只能出现在否定词之后,而不能在否定词之前:
误:
Any one doesn’t know how to do it.
正:
No one knows how to do it. 任何人都不知道如何做它。
误:
Anybody [Anyone] cannot do it.
正:
Nobody [No one] can do it. 这事谁也干不了。
误:
Anything cannot prevent me from going.
正:
Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻挡我去。
五、不定代词与部分否定
不定代词all, both, every 等与 not 连用时构成部分否定;若要表示完全否定,则需换用 none, neither, no one等。
比较:
All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
All of the students don’t like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。
六、all, both, each 等用作同位语
若用作主语同位语,主语可以是名词或代词;若用作宾语等其他成分的同位语,则宾语等成分必须是人称代词,而不能是名词:
We have all read it. 我们都读过他。
(all 修饰的主语是代词)
The villages have all been destroyed. 村庄都被毁了。
(all 修饰的主语是名词)
They told us all to wait there. 他叫我们都在那儿等。
(all 修饰的宾语是代词)
但不能说:
They told the men all to wait there. (all 修饰的宾语是名词不是代词)
七、so little 与 such little的区别
用so little还是such little取决于little的意思:
若表示数量方面的“少”,则用so little;若表示形状体积的“小”,则用such little:
He has so little time for reading. 他读书的时间少得可怜。
I’ve never seen such little boxes. 我从未见过那样小的盒子。
八、some 与 any的用法区别
一般说来,some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句和疑问句中。
但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用 some 而不用any:
Would you like some cake?
吃点蛋糕吗?
Why not buy some bread?
为什么不买些面包呢?
Shall I get some chalk for you?
要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗?
【说明】any 有时也用于肯定句中,此时表示“任何”:
Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。
Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。
九、many 与 much的用法区别
两者都表示“许多”,但 many 修饰或代替可数名词(复数),与 few(少数)相对;而 much 用来修饰或代替不可数名词(单数),与little(少量)相对。
在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中:
Did you see many people there?
你在那儿看见许多人了吗?
We don’t have much time. 我们没有许多时间。
在肯定句中,一般用 a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。
但在正式文体中有时也用于肯定句中;另外,若用作主语或主语的定语,或其前有 how, too, as, so, a good, a great 等修饰,也可用于肯定句中:
Many of us left early. 我们有许多人离开得很早。
Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。
You’ve given me too much. 你已给我太多了。
Take as many (much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。
I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。
十、few, a few 与 little, a little的用法区别
1. few和a few 后接可数名词的复数形式。
few 表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;a few 表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义:
It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难,没有几个人能懂。
It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难,但是有些人懂。
2. little 和 a little 之后接不可数名词,其区别跟 few 和 a few 之间的区别相似:
Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上没带什么钱。
Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。
原因状语从句
(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as,for引导。
(2)because表示直接原因,语气最强。
because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。
回答由why提出的问题,只能用because。
此外,because和so不能同用在一个句子里。
例如:
------Why aren’t going there?
------Because I don’t want to.
since引导原因状语从句,相当于now that,意思是“因为……,既然……, 鉴于……”。
例如:
Since the rain has stopped,let’s go for a walk. 既然雨停了,我们出去散散步吧。
as和since语气较弱,一般用来表示明显的原因。
由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。
例如 :
As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.
Since we have no money, we can’t buy it.
(4)for表示所说的理由是一种补充说明,for引导的从句一般不放在句子的开头。
如:
I decided to stop and have lunch, for I was feeling quite hungry.
小试牛刀:
I was late for class yesterday _______ there was something wrong with my bike.
He took off his coat _______ he felt hot.
you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.
结果状语从句
(1)结果状语从句由so…that, such…that, so that引导。
(2)so…that语such...that可以互换。
在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中,so是副词,与形容词连用。
其结构是:
“...so + 形容词(副词)+ that + 从句”。
例如:
He was so glad that he couldn’t say a word.
Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever(几乎不,从来不) see her.
在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中,such是形容词,它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词,也可以是不可数名词;
其结构是:
“...such +a / an + 形容词+名词+ that + 从句”。
例如:
It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.
He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.(天花板)
有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。
例如:
It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.
=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.
(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时,只能用so, 不用such。
例如:
Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.
He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema with you.
(4)如果主从句的主语相同,并且从句是否定的形式,可以用too...to...句型转化。
例如:
He was so excited that he couldn't go to sleep that night.
= He was too excited to go to sleep.
(5)如果主从句的主语相同,但从句是肯定的形式,可以用adj.+ enough替换。
例如:
He is so old that he could go to school.
= He is old enough to go to school.他够大了,可以去上学。
小试牛刀:
It is hot in the room we have to go out for a walk.
It was a wonderful movie all of us wanted to see it again.
There were little water in the bottle the bird couldn’t reach it.
He is so young that he couldn’t go to school.= .
The classroom is so big that it can hold 100 person. = .
目的状语从句
(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that(为了,以便)引导。
例如:
We started early so that we could catch the first train.
We used the computer in order that we might save time.
(2)so that可引导目的状语从句,此时可用to或in order to替换,将其改为简单句。
例如:
He got up early so that he could get to school on time.
=He got up early(in order) to get to school on time.
(3)so that既可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从句。
区别这两种从句的办法有两个:
1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。
2)从意思上看,目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。
例如:
Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)
Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)
小试牛刀:
I hurried I wouldn't be late for class.
We should go by bus we can get there earlier.
May I sit nearer I can see more clearly?
一、单项选择。
1.We’ll stay at home if it ______ tomorrow.
A.rain B.rains C.is raining D.will rain
2.We didn’t go home _____ we finished the work.
A.since B.until C.because D.though
3.She ______ when I went to see her.
A.is reading B.have read C.was reading D.reads
4._____ the rain stops, we’ll set off for the station.
A.Before B.Unless C.As soon as D.Though
5.She looks forward every spring to ____ the flower-lined garden.
A.visit B.paying a visit C.walk in D.walking in
6.Mr. White hoped he ______ China the next year.
A.would visit B.will visit C.visited D.has visited
7.I told him that the sun ______ in the east.
A.rises B.rose C.has risen D.was rising
8.She was _____ tired _____ she could not move an inch.
A.so, that B.such, that C.very, that D.so, as
9.He was sentenced to death _____ what he had stolen from the bank.
A.that B.since C.because D.because of
10.I didn’t know what ______.
A.was the matter B.is the matter C.the matter was D.the matter is
11.I couldn’t agree with ______ at the meeting.
A.that you said B.which you said C.what did you say D.what you said
12.The bad man ran away to avoid _______ and was finally put into prison.
A.seeing B.to be seen C.being seen D.to be caught
13.Everyone except Jim and Jack ______.
A.know who is he B.know who he is C.knows who is he D.knows who he is
15.It is ten years ______ I left my hometown.
A.since B.If C.whether D.until
16.Could you tell us ______ Mr. Brown lives in Room 202?
A.that B.where C.until D.if
17.I learned a little Russian _____ I was at middle school.
A.though B.although C.as if D.when
18.I don’t know ______ or not it will rain tomorrow.
A.that B.When C.if D.whether
19.—Why is their classroom so clean and tidy?
—______ it is cleaned every day.
A.Since B.As C.Because D.For
20.Can you tell me ______ is going to give us a talk next Monday?
A.who B.whom C.whose D.what
21. Please answer the question in a loud enough voice ___ all the class may hear.
A. so, that B. or C. in order that D. and
22. Lift it up___I may see it.
A. though B. so that C. as D. than
23. I hurried___I wouldn't be late for class.
A. so B. so that C. if
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