国际商务英语课文电子版lesson 8.docx
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国际商务英语课文电子版lesson 8.docx
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国际商务英语课文电子版lesson8
Acontractisanagreementwhichsetsforthbinding obligationsoftherelevantparties.Itisenforceablebylaw,andanypartythatfailstofulfillhiscontractualobligationsmaybesued andforcedtomakecompensation,thoughmostcontractsdonotgiverisetodisputes.
Thecontractisbasedonagreement,whichistheresultofbusinessnegotiations.Therearetwotypesofbusinessnegotiations:
oralandwritten.Theformerreferstodirectdiscussionsconductedattradefairs orbysendingtradegroupsabroadorbyinvitingforeigncustomers.Businessdiscussionsthroughinternationaltrunkcalls(longdistancecall)arealsoincludedinthiscategory.
Writtennegotiationsoftenbeginwithenquiries(询价) madebythebuyerstogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeorderedsuchasquantity,specifications(规格),prices,timeofshipment(delivery)andotherterms.Anenquiryismadewithoutengagement(约束力)onthepartof theenquirer.Incaseofafirstenquiry,thatis,anenquirysenttoanexporterwhomtheimporterhasneverdealtwith,informationshouldbegivenintheenquiryastohowthenameandaddressoftheexporterhavebeenobtained(get),thebusinessline(业务范围) andusualpracticeoftheimporter,etc.soastofacilitate(方便于)theexporter’swork.
Inresponsetoanenquiry,aquotationmaybesentbytheexporterwhichshouldincludeallthenecessaryinformationrequiredbytheenquiry.Sometimes,theexportermaymakeanoffertoanimportervoluntarily.Afirmoffer(实盘)isapromisetosellgoodsatastatedprice.Inmakingafirmoffer,mentionshouldbemadeofthetimeofshipmentandthemodeofpaymentdesiredinadditiontoanexactdescriptionofthegoodsincludingthequantity,quality,specifications,packing,etc.Thevalidityperiod(有效期)isindispensableto(beindispensableto对必不可少的)afirmoffer.Anofferisconsideredopen(valid有效的)untilafterastipulatedtimeoruntilitisacceptedorrejected.
Theofferee mayfindpartoftheofferunacceptableandmayraise (forfurtherdiscussions)hisownproposalswhichconstituteacounter-offer(还盘).Acounter-offermaybemadeinrelationto(关于)theprice,termsofpayment,timeofshipmentorothertermsandconditionsoftheoffer.Itisarefusaloftheofferwhichwillbeinvalid(失效)andunbinding(无约束力)onceacounter-offerismade.Thecounterofferthusbecomesanewoffermadebytheoriginaloffereetotheoriginalofferer.
Nomatterwhetherbusinessnegotiationisconductedorallyorbywayofwriting,transactionisconsideredconcluded (达成)onceanofferoracounter-offerisaccepted.Thatistosay,alegitimate(legal)contractcanbeeitherinwrittenororalform.Inbusinesspracticehowever,awrittencontractisgenerallypreparedandsignedastheproof(evidence证明)oftheagreementandasthebasisforitsexecution(执行).Whenthecontractismadebytheseller,itiscalledasalescontract,andwhenmadebythebuyer,apurchasecontract.Asalesorpurchaseconfirmationislessdetailedthanacontract,coveringonlytheessentialtermsofthetransaction.Itisusuallyusedforsmallerdealsorbetweenfamiliartradepartners.
Thesettingup(结构)ofacontractissimilartothatofatradeagreementoranyothertypeofformalagreements.Itgenerallycontainsthefollowingitems:
1.Thetitle.(name)ThetypeofthecontractisindicatedinthetitlesuchasSalesContract,PurchaseContract,ConsignmentContract(寄售合同),etc.Thenumberofthecontractandthedatearegivenbellowthetitletotherightside.
2.Thecontractproper(合同正文).ThispartincludesA.thefullnameandaddressofthebuyerandtheseller.B.Thecommoditiesinvolvedincludingquantity,quality,specifications,packing,etc.C.Allthetermsandconditionsagreeduponsuchastheprice,totalamount,termsofpayment,transportation,insuranceetc.D.Indicationofthenumberoforiginalcopies(原件)ofthecontract,thelanguagesused,thetermofvalidityandpossibleextension(延期)ofthecontract.
3.Thesignaturesofthecontractingparties(signatory)indicatingtheirstatusasthesellerorthebuyer.
4.Thestipulations(规定)onthebackofthecontractareconstituentparts(necessarypart)ofthecontractandareequally(同样)binding(有约束力)upon thecontractingparties.Thesemayincludetheshippingdocumentsrequired,forcemajeure(disaster)(不可抗力), arbitration(仲裁),claimsetc.
Herearetwoexamplesofasalescontract:
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