药学英语构词法.docx
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药学英语构词法.docx
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药学英语构词法
构词法
FOUNDATIONSOFBIOLOGY
COMBININGFORMS,PREFIXES,ANDSUFFIXES
Therfollowsanalphabeticallistofthecombiningforms,prefixes,andsuffixeswhicharemostcommonlyusedinbiologicalterms.Thepresenceofadashbeforeorafteranelementindicatesthatitdoesnotoccurasanindependentwordintheoriginallanguage.Oftenavowel,usuallya,i,oro,isneededforeuphony.*indicatesthosefelttobemostfrequentlyused.ThislistiscompiledbyHaroldE.Heidtke-1972
*a-(an-)=not,negative,without:
asexual,withoutsex
*ab-=awayfrom:
abnormal,departingfromnormal
*ad-=to,toward,near:
adrenal,nearthekidney
aer-=air,oxygen:
anaerobic,withoutair(oxygen)
ambi-=onbothsides:
ambidextrous,referringtobothhands
amphi-=both,double:
amphibian,livingbothinwaterandonland
amyl-=startch:
amylase,enzymewhichworksonstarches
*andr-=man:
androgens,maleforminghormones
angio-=vessel:
angiosperms,vascularplants
ante-=before:
antenatal,beforebirth
*antho-=flower:
perianth,theexternalenvelopeofaflower
*anti-=against:
antiseptic,againstorpreventingsepsis
arth-=joint:
arthritsis,inflammationofajoint
asco-=bag,sac:
ascomycete,fungiwheresporesareformedinsac
*-asis(-osis)=affectedwith:
leukocytosis,excessnumberofleucocytes
*auto-=self:
autoinfection,selfinfection
*bi(bin-)=two:
binocular,pertainingtobotheyes
*bio-=life:
biology,studyoflivingthings
*blast(-blast)=bud,germ:
myoblast,anactivebone-marrowcell
brady-=slow:
bradycardia,slowheartbeat
bronchi-=windpipe:
bronchiocele,aswellingortumorofabronchiole
*bryo-=moss:
bryophyte,mosses/bryozoa,mossanimals
calor-=heat:
calorimeter,instrumentusedtomeasureheat
*cardi-=heart:
pericardium,sacsurroundingtheheart
*carp-=fruit:
pertainingtothewallsofaplantovary
cata-=down,negative:
catabolism,destructivemetabolism
caud-=tail:
precaudal,infrontofthetail
cephal-=head:
encephalitis,inflammationofthehead(brain)
*chlor-=green:
chlorophyll,greencoloringmatterinplants
chole-=bile:
cholecystectomy,removalofthegallbladder
chondr-=cartilage:
perichondrium,membranesurroundingcartilage
chrom-=color:
chromatophores,bodiescontainingcoloredpigment
*circum-=around:
circumpharyngeal,aroundthepharynx
coel-=hollow:
pseudocoel,falsecoelomorcavity
con-(co-com)=with,together:
commensal,relationshipofanimals
*contra-=against,opposed:
contralateral,eventsonoppositesides
cost-=rib:
intercostal,betweentheribs
counter-=against:
counterirritant,againstirritation
crani-=skull:
craniotomy,surgicalopeningintotheskull
crypt-=hide,conceal:
cryptorchism,hiddentestes
*cut-=skin:
subcutaneous,undertheskin
*cyst-=sac,bladder:
cystits,inflammationofthebladder
*cyto-(-cyte)=cell:
cytology,studyofthecell
dactly-=finger,toe:
pentadactly,fivefingeredortoed
derm-=skin:
dermatitis,inflammationoftheskin
*di-=two:
diphasic,occurringintwophases
dia-=across,through:
diaphragm,structureacrosssomething
*diplo=double:
diploblastic,twogermlayers
-duct=tolead:
oviduct,ducttoleadtheovum
dys-=pain,difficulty:
dyspnea,difficultbreathing
*ecto-=outside:
ectoderm,outergermlayer
-ectomy=excise:
appendectomy,removaloftheappendix
*em-(en-)=in:
encapsulated,enclosedinacapsule
*-emia=blood:
anemia,lackofblood
encephal-=brain:
encephalitis,inflammationofthebrain
end-=within:
endoderm,theinnergermlayer
*epi-=above,upon:
epidermis,outerlayerofskin
erythro-=red:
erythrocyte,redbloodcorpuscle
eu-=well,normal,good:
eupnea,easy(normal)breathing
*ex-(e-.ef-)=out:
excretion,materialthrownoutofthebody
extra-=outside,beyond:
extramural,outsideawall
-ferent=bear,carry:
efferent,tocarrytotheperiphery
fil-=thread:
filiform,thread-likeinstructure
flagell-=whip:
flagellum,awhip-likestructureforlocomotion
flavo-=yellow:
riboflavin,ayellowvitamin
*-form=shape:
fungiform,shapedlikeatoadstool
*gam-=marriage,reproductiveunion:
gametogenesis,originofgametes
gastr-=stomach:
gastritis,inflammationofthestomach
gemm-=bud:
gemmule,asmallplantbud
*gen-=produce:
spermatogenesis,processofspermproduction
*-genic=producing:
pyogenic,pusproducing
*geo-=earth:
geotropism,turningtowardstheground
glyco-=sugar,sweet:
glycosuria,sugarintheurine
gnath-=jaw:
agnatha,lackingjaws(groupoffish)
gono-=seed:
oogonia,stageinproductionoftheegg
-gram=write,record:
electrocardiogram,recordoftheheart
gymno-=naked:
gymnosperm,nakedseeds(notenclosedinovary)
gyn-=woman:
gynecology,scienceofdiseasesofwomen
haplo-=single,simple:
haploid,singlenumberofchromosomes
*hem(hemat)=blood:
hemopoiesis,processofbloodformation
*hemi-=half:
hemicircle,onehalfofacircle
hepat-=liver:
hepatitis,inflammationoftheliver
hetero-=other:
heterosexual,pertainingtotheoppositesex
hist-=tissue:
histology,thestudyoftissues
holo-=whole:
holoblastic,wherecleavageinvolvesawholeegg
*homo-=same:
homolateral,onthesameside
*hydr-=water:
hydrocephalus,fluidinthecranium
*hyper-=above,excessof:
hyperglycemia,excessintheblood
*hypo-=under,lackof:
hypothyroidism,underactivethyroid
*im-(in-)=not:
immature,notmature
*infra-=below:
infra-orbital,belowtheorbit(ofeye)
*inter-=between:
intercellular,betweenthecells
*intra-=within:
intracellular,withinthecells
iso-=equal:
isotonic,ofequalstrength
*itis-=inflammation:
sinusitus,inflammationofthesinuses
*kary-=nucleus,nut:
karyoplasm,protoplasminthenucleus
kerat-=horn,cornea:
keratitis,inflammationofthecornea
lact-=milk:
prolactin,hormoneneededbeforemilkissecreted
*leuk-=white:
leukocytes,whitebloodcells
lith-=stone:
nephrolithotomy,removalofkidneystone
*-logy-=scienceof:
pathology,scienceofdisease
lute-=yellow:
corpusluteum,yellowbodyofovary
*-lysis=losing,dissolution:
hemolysis,breakingdownofblood
*macro-=large:
macrophage,alargeengulfingcell
*mal-=bad:
malnutrition,poornutrition
*meg-(megal-)=great,large:
megakaryocyte,large,nucleatedcell
melan-=black:
melanoblast,cellproducingblackpigment
*mening-=membrane:
meningitis,inflammationofmininges(membranes)ofbrain
ment-=mind:
dementia,deteriorationofthemind
mer-=part:
meroblastic,formofpartialcleavageofegg
mesa-=middle:
mesoderm,middlegermlayer
meta-=after,beyond:
metaphase,phaseafterappearanceofchromosomes
*micro-=small:
microscope,instrumenttolookatsmallobjects
*mill-=thousand:
millipede,withonethousandfeet
*mono-=one:
monoecious,ofonehoushold(hermaphroditic)
*morph-=form,shape:
polymorphonuclear,manyformednucleus
my-(myo-)=muscle:
myoneuraljunction,junctionofmuscleandnerve
myc-=fungi:
mycology,scienceandstudyoffungi
necro-=corpse,dead:
necrosis,deathofcells
nema-=thread:
nematode,thread-likeworm
neo-=new:
neoplasm,anynewgrowthorformation
neph-=kidney:
nephrectomy,excisionofthekidney
*neuro-=nerve:
neuron,nervecell
ocul-=eye:
oculomotor,nerve(motor)totheeye
odont-=tooth:
odontology,dentistry
olig-=few,little:
oligemia,deficiencyinvolumeofblood
*oo-=egg:
oocyte,originalcellineggproduction
ophthalm-=eye:
opthalmoneter,instrumentformeasuringtheeye
orb-=circle:
suborbital,beneaththeorbit
ortho-=straight,normal:
orthograde,walkstraight(upright)
*-osis(-asis)=affectedwith:
arteriosclerosis,hardeningofthearteries
*oss(oste-)=bone:
osteitis,inflammationofthebone
-
tomy=cuttinginto:
laprotomy,incisionintotheabdomen
ov-=egg:
ovary,organwhereeggsareformed
para-=sidebyside,around,near:
parathyroid,aroundthethyroid
*path-(-pathy)=disease:
pathology,thescienceofdisease
ped-=children:
pediatrician,achildspecialist(physician)
ped-=foot:
pedograph,imprintofthefoot
pell-=skin:
pellicle,coveringofbodyofParamecium
penia-=lackof:
leucopenia,lackofwhitebloodcells
*peri-=around:
perianal,aroundtheanus
*phag-=eat:
phagocytosis,cellularengulfingofmaterial
-phagia=eating:
polyphagia,excessiveeating
*phil-=love:
hemophilia,loveofblood
phob-=fear:
hydrophobia,afearofwater
-phore=bear,carry:
chromatophore,structurebearingcoloredpigment
*phren-=mind:
schitzophrenia,asplitmind(personality)
phyl-=tribe,kind:
phylogeny,studyoforiginofanimalgroups
phyll-=leaf:
xanthophyll,yellowcoloringmaterialinleaves
*phyto-=plant:
phytoplankton,firstform(basicmaterial)
-plasm=anythingformed:
protoplasm,firstform(basicmaterial)
platy-=flat:
platyhelminthes,flatworm
pleur-=rib,side:
pleuralcavity,chestcavityboundedbyribs
-pnea=air,breathing:
dyspnea,laboredbreathing
pneum-=lung:
pneumonia,adiseaseofthelungs
*pod-=foot:
pseudopodia,falsefeet
-poiesis=making,forming:
haemopoiesis,bloodforming
polio-=gray:
poliomyelitis,inflammationofthegraymatterofthecord
*poly-=many:
polyarthritis,inflammationofmanyjoints
*post-=after:
postpartum,afterdelivery
*pre-=before:
prenatal,occuringbeforebirth
*pro-(proto-)=before:
prognosis,forecastasto
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