词汇学考试整理.docx
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词汇学考试整理.docx
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词汇学考试整理
词汇学整理
一、选择题25题25分
1.从规约走向描述的里程碑词典是:
OED(P.237)
2.同义词的特征?
(P.125)
Synonymouswordgroupacommondenotativecomponentbringsthewordstogether.
3.习语的特征?
(P.190)
Idiomsareusuallysemanticallyopaqueandarecharacterizedbystructuralinvariability.
4.古代英语
Archaicwordsarewordsnolongerincommonuse,howevertheyareretainedforspecialpurpose,theyaresometimesemployedinpoetry,businessletters,legaldocuments,religiousspeeches,andprose,(markedarch.Oraic.)whereasobsoletewordsjustrefertothewordscompletelyoutofcurrentuse.markedobs.(olete.)ordatedinadictionary.
5.语境的分类(P.152-P155)
Linguistic(orverbal)contextsorextra-linguistic(ornonverbal)candeterminethemeaningsofwords,esp.thoseofpolysemouswords.
1.Linguistic(orverbal)contexts:
Lexicalcontext,
Lexicalcontextreferstothelexicalitemscombinedwithagivenpolysemousword.(seetheexamplesof"make"onp.153)
Grammaticalcontext,
Ingrammaticalcontext,thesyntacticstructureofthecontextdeterminesvariousindividualmeaningsofapolysemousword.(seetheexamplesof"take"invarioussettingsonp.153)However,itisnotsufficienttoindicatealltheindividualmeaningsofagivenword.(seetheexamplesconcerningthedifferentmeaningsofthesamepattern"get+n."onp.154)
Verbalcontext
Theverbalcontext,initsbroadestsense,maycoveranentirepassag,orevenanentirebook,andinsomecaseseventheentiresocialorculturalsetting,asstatedatthebeginningofthechapter.
2.Extra-linguistic/contextofsituation:
1)Theactualspeechsituationinwhichaword(oranutterance,oraspeechevent)occurs.(seetheexampleof"operation"onp.155)
2)Theentireculturalbackgroundagainstwhichaword,oranutteranceoraspeecheventhastobeset(seetheexampleof"peasant"and"farmer"onp.156)
6.?
两个单词有相同的部分,根据什么来猜意义?
Componentialanalysisandsemanticfeatures
7.理据?
(P.94-95)
Motivationcanbeclassifiedintothreetypes:
1)Phoneticmotivation;
Wordsmotivatedphoneticallyarecalledechoicwordsoronomatopoeicwords,whosepronunciationsuggeststhemeaning.
2)Morphologicalmotivation;
Wesaythatthewordismorphologicallymotivated,foradirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.
Ifweknowthemeaningoftheaffixandthebase,thenwecanimmediatelythemeaningofthisword.
3)Semanticmotivation.
Semanticmotivationreferstomotivationbasedonsemanticfactors
Thefigurativeusagecanprovidesemanticmotivation;thefigurativemeaningcanbereadilyunderstoodbythosewhoknowtheliteralmeaning.
8.研究多义的两个方法
Theyare:
1)diachronic;历时角度2)synchronic.共时角度(P.110)
1)diachronic
Thestudyofthegrowthorchangeinthesemanticstructureofaword,orthestudyofhowthesemanticstructureofawordhasdevelopedfromaprimarymeaningtothepresentpolysemicstate,i.e.withderivedmeaningspringingfromtheoriginalmeaning.Thiswayofstudyiscalleddiachronicapproaches.(primarymeaningandthepresentpolysemicmeaning)
Synchronically,weareinterestedinthecomparativevalueofindividualmeaningsandtheinterrelationbetweenthecentralmeaningandsecondarymeaning.
9.习语的文体特征?
(P.206)
Stylisticfeature
Mostidiomsarestylisticallyneutral,butquiteanumberofthembelongtoinformalspokenEnglish.
Afewidiomssuggestadignifiedandelevatedtone,andareusedonformaloccasions,e.g.
Someidiomsphrasesareslangy.
Stylisticfeatureofidioms,however,areconstantlyshifting,andwhatisslangtodaymayinformaltomorrow.
10.词义变化的内部要素(原因)?
Linguisticcause:
(P172-175)
Changeofmeaningisfrequentlybroughtaboutbytwotendenciesinalinguisticsystem;towardsellipsisandtowardanalogy.
Ellipsisasacauseofsemanticchangeoftenoccursinhabitualcollection,suchasadjective+noun,orattributivenoun+noun,inwhichthenounisdeletedandonlythefirstelement(theattributive)isleft,butretainingthesenseofthewholephrase.
Theanalogicaltendencyisalsoconstantlyatwork.Newmeaningsdevelopedinonepartofspeecharepassedontootherpartsofspeechfromthesamelexicalbase.
11.词素的分类?
(P.28)
12.修辞?
明喻Simile:
Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother明喻(simile)是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体(tenor)和喻体(vehicle)之间的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like,as,asif,asthough等
2)Metaphor:
(暗喻)Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.隐喻(metaphor)这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
Forexample,theworldisastage./Thediamonddepartmentwastheheartandcenterofthestore.
3)Analogy:
(类比)Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.
4)Personification:
(拟人)Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(赋予)toinanimate(无生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).拟人(personification)这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物拟人,以达到彼此交融,合二为一。
5)Hyperbole:
(夸张)Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.夸张(hyperbole)这是运用丰富的想象,过激的言词,渲染和装饰客观事物,以达到强调的效果。
1、Mybloodfroze.我的血液都凝固了。
6)Understatement:
(含蓄陈述)Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.Forinstance,Itisnolaughingmatter.
7)Euphemism:
(委婉)Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(无冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.Forinstance,wereferto"die"as”passaway".
8)Metonymy(转喻)Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.Forinstance,thepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces).借代(metonymy)是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
9)Synecdoche(提喻)Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.提喻(synecdoche)又称举隅法,主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象。
1、TheGreatWallwasmadenotonlyofstonesandearth,butofthefleshandbloodofmillionsofmen.长城不仅是用石头和土建造的,而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。
句中的“thefleshandblood”喻为“thegreatsacrifice”(巨大的牺牲)Forinstance,theysaythere'sbreadandworkforall.Shewasdressedinsilks.
10)Antonomasia(换喻/替代)Ithasalsotodowithsubstitution.Itisnotoftenmentionednow,thoughitisstillinfrequentuse.In?
rhetoric,?
antonomasia?
isasubstitutionofany?
epithet?
orphraseforapropername.Thereverseprocessisalsosometimescalledantonomasia.Antonomasiaisaparticularformof?
metonymy.Forexample,Solomonforawiseman.Danielforawiseandfairjudge.Judasforatraitor.
11)Pun:
(双关语)Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.双关语(pun)是以一个词或词组,用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来,以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。
Napoleonwasastonished.”Eitheryouaremad,orIam,”hedeclared.“Both,sir!
”criedtheSwedeproudly.“Both”一词一语双关,既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子,又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。
Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here"arms"hastwomeanings:
aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)/Napoleonwasastonished.”Eitheryouaremad,orIam,”hedeclared.“Both,sir!
”criedtheSwedeproudly.“Both”一词一语双关,既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子,又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役
Alliteration:
(头韵)Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervals(间隔)andsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalled"frontrhyme".Forinstance,thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowedfree.头韵法(alliteration)在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感。
押韵(rhyme),A?
rhyme?
isarepetitionofsimilarsoundsintwoormorewordsandismostoftenusedin?
poetry?
and?
songs.?
赘述(tautology)A?
rhetorical?
tautologycanalsobedefinedasaseriesofstatementsthatcompriseanargument,wherebythestatementsareconstructedinsuchawaythatthetruthofthepropositionisguaranteedorthatthetruthofthepropositioncannotbedisputedbydefiningatermintermsofanotherself-referentially.
13.单词的定义:
Awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.
14.rootstembase的区别(P.33)
Root:
"Arootisaformwhichisnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphology.Itisthatpartofaword-formthatremainswhenalltheinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Arootisthebasicpartalwayspresentinalexeme."(i.e.desireistherootinthewordundesirable,-ableisthesuffix,un-istheprefix)
Stem:
Bauerdefines"stem"as"Astemisofconcernonlywhendealingwithinflectionalmorphology….Inflectional(butnotderivational)affixesareaddedtoit:
itisthepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved."(I.e.inthewordundesirable,thestemisundesirable;intheworddesired,thestemisdesire.)
Base:
Basemaybedefinedas"aformtowhicharuleofword-formationisapplied".Thismeansthatanyrootorstemcanbetermedabase.
15.搞清四个术语terminology,neologism,morphology,etymology
Etymology:
Thestudyoftheoriginofwords
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