土木工程概论.docx
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土木工程概论.docx
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土木工程概论
Civilengineeringintroductionpapers
Abstract:
thecivilengineeringisahugediscipline,butthemainoneisbuilding,buildingwhetherinChinaorabroad,hasalonghistory,long-termdevelopmentprocess.Theworldischangingeveryday,butthebuildingalsoalongwiththeprogressofscienceanddevelopment.Mechanicsfindings,materialofupdate,evermorescientifictechnologyintothebuilding.Butbeforearoomwithatiletocoverthetopofthehouse,nowforcomfort,differentideas,differentscientific,promotedthedevelopmentofcivilengineering,makingitmoreperfect.
[keywords]:
civilengineering;Architecture;Mechanics,Materials.
Civilengineeringisbuildvariousprojectscollectively.Itwasmeanttobeand"militaryproject"corresponding.InEnglishthehistoryofCivilEngineering,mechanicalEngineering,electricalEngineering,chemicalEngineeringbelongtotoEngineering,becausetheyallhaveMinYongXing.Later,astheprojectdevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,mechanical,electrical,chemicalhasgraduallyformedindependentscientific,toEngineeringbecameCivilEngineeringofspecializednouns.Sofar,inEnglish,toEngineeringincludewaterconservancyproject,portEngineering,Whileinourcountry,waterconservancyprojectsandportprojectsalsobecomeverycloseandcivilengineeringrelativelyindependentbranch.Civilengineeringconstructionofobject,bothreferstothatbuiltontheground,undergroundwaterengineeringfacilities,alsoreferstoappliedmaterialsequipmentandconductoftheinvestigation,designandconstruction,maintenance,repairandotherprofessionaltechnology.
Civilengineeringisakindofwithpeople'sfood,clothing,shelterandtransportationhascloserelationoftheproject.Amongthemwith"live"relationshipisdirectly.Because,tosolvethe"live"problemmustbuildvarioustypesofbuildings.Tosolvethe"line,foodandclothes"problembothdirectside,butalsoaindirectside."Line",mustbuildrailways,roads,Bridges,"Feed",mustbewelldrillingwater,waterconservancy,farmirrigation,drainagewatersupplyforthecity,thatisdirectrelation.Indirectlyrelationshipisnomatterwhatyoudo,manufacturingcars,ships,orspinningandweaving,clothing,orevenproductionsteel,launchsatellites,conductingscientificresearchactivitiesareinseparablefrombuildvariousbuildings,structuresandbuildallkindsofprojectfacilities.
Civilengineeringwiththeprogressofhumansocietyanddevelopment,yethasevolvedintolarge-scalecomprehensivediscipline,ithasoutmanybranch,suchas:
architecturalengineering,therailwayengineering,roadengineering,bridgeengineering,specialengineeringstructure,waterandwastewaterengineering,portengineering,hydraulicengineering,environmentengineeringdisciplines.
Civilengineeringasanimportantbasicdisciplines,andhasitsimportantattributesof:
integrated,sociality,practicality,unity.Civilengineeringforthedevelopmentofnationaleconomyandtheimprovementofpeople'slifeprovidesanimportantmaterialandtechnicalbasis,formanyindustrialinvigorationplayedaroleinpromoting,engineeringconstructionistheformationofafixedassetbasicproductionprocess,therefore,constructionandrealestatebecomeinmanycountriesandregions,economicpowerhouses.
Constructionprojectishousingplanning,survey,design,constructionofthefloorboard.Purposeisforhumanlifeandproductionprovideplaces.
Houseswillbelikeaman,it'slikeaman'slifeplanningenvironmentisresponsiblebytheplanners,Itslayoutandartisticprocessing,correspondingtothebodyshapelooksandtemperament,isresponsiblebythearchitect,Itsstructureislikeaperson'sbonesandlifeexpectancy,thestructuralengineerisresponsible,Itswater,heatingventilationandelectricalfacilitiessuchasthehumanorganandthenerve,isbytheequipmentengineerisresponsiblefor.Alsolikenatureintactshapedlikepeople,inthecityIdistrictplanningbasedonbuildhouses,andistheconstructionunit,reconnaissanceunit,designunitofvariousdesignengineersandconstructionunitscomprehensivecoordinationandcooperationprocess.
Afterall,butisstructuralstressbodyreactionforceandtheinternalstressandhowexternalforcebalance.Buildingtotackle,alsomustsolvetheproblemismechanicalproblems.Wehavetosolvetheproblemofdisciplinecalledarchitecturalmechanics.Architecturalmechanicshavecanbedividedinto:
statics,materialmechanicsandstructuralmechanicsthreemechanicalsystem.Architecturalmechanicsisdiscussionandresearchbuildingstructureandcomponentinloadandotherfactorsaffectingtheworkingconditionof,alsoisthebuildingofintensity,stiffnessandstability.Inload,bearloadandloadofstructureandcomponentcancausethesurroundingobjectsintheirfunction,andtheobjectitselfbytheloadeffectanddeformation,andthereisthepossibilityofdamage,butthestructureitselfhascertainresistancetodeformationanddestructionofcompetence,andthebearingcapacityofthestructuresizeisandcomponentofmaterials,crosssection,andthestructuralpropertiesofgeometrysize,workingconditionsandstructurecircumstancerelevant.Whiletheserelationshipscanbeimprovedbymechanicsformulasolvedthroughcalculation.
Becauseearthmovingmethodsandcostschangemorequicklythanthoseinanyotherbranchofcivilengineering,thisisafieldwheretherearerealopportunitiesfortheenthusiast.In1935mostofthemethodsnowinuseforcarryingandexcavatingearthwithrubber-tyredequipmentdidnotexist.Mostearthwasmovedbynarrowrailtrack,nowrelativelyrare,andthemainmethodsofexcavation,withfaceshovel,backacter,ordraglineorgrab,thoughtheyarestillwidelyusedareonlyafewofthemanycurrentmethods.Tokeephisknowledgeofearthmovingequipmentuptodateanengineermustthereforespendtinestudyingmodernmachines.Generallytheonlyreliableup-to-dateinformationonexcavators,loadersandtransportisobtainablefromthemakers.
Earthworksorearthmovingmeanscuttingintogroundwhereitssurfaceistoohigh(cuts),anddumpingtheearthinotherplaceswherethesurfaceistoolow(fills).Toreduceearthworkcosts,thevolumeofthefillsshouldbeequaltothevolumeofthecutsandwhereverpossiblethecutsshouldbeplacedneartofillsofequalvolumesoastoreducetransportanddoublehandlingofthefill.Thisworkofearthworkdesignfallsontheengineerwholaysouttheroadsinceitisthelayoutoftheearthworkmorethananythingelsewhichdecidesitscheapness.Fromtheavailablemapsahdlevels,theengineeringmusttrytoreachasmanydecisionsaspossibleinthedrawingofficebydrawingcrosssectionsoftheearthwork.Onthesitewhenfurtherinformationbecomesavailablehecanmakechangesinjissectionsandlayout,butthedrawinglfficeworkwillnothavebeenlost.Itwillhavehelpedhimtoreachthebestsolutionintheshortesttime.
Thecheapestwayofmovingearthistotakeitdirectlyoutofthecutanddropitasfillwiththesamemachine.Thisisnotalwayspossible,butwhenitcanbedoneitisideal,beingbothquickandcheap.Draglines,bulldozersandfaceshovelsandothis.Thelargestradiusisobtainedwiththedragline,andthelargesttonnageofearthismovedbythebulldozer,thoughonlyovershortdistances.Thedisadvantagesofthedraglinearethatitmustdigbelowitself,itcannotdigwithforceintocompactedmaterial,itcannotdigonsteepslopws,anditsdumpinganddiggingarenotaccurate.
Faceshovelsarebetweenbulldozersanddraglines,havingalargerradiusofactionthanbulldozersbutlessthandraglines.Theyareanletodigintoaverticalclifffaceinawaywhichwouldbedangeroustorabulldozeroperatorandimpossibleforadragline.Eachpieceofequipmentshouldbeleveloftheirtracksandfordeepdigsincompactmaterialabackacterismostuseful,butitsdumpingradiusisconsiderablylessthanthatofthesameescavatorfittedwithafaceshovel.
Rubber-tyredbowlscrapersareindispensableforfairlyleveldiggingwherethedistanceoftransportistoomuchtoradraglineorfaceshovel.Theycandigthematerialdeeply(butonlybelowthemselves)toafairlyflatsurface,carryithundredsofmetersifneedbe,thendropitandlevelitroughlyduringthedumping.Forharddiggingitisoftenfoundeconomicaltokeepapushertractor(wheeledortracked)onthediggingsite,topusheachscraperasitreturnstodig.Assoonasthescraperisfull,thepushertractorreturnstothebeginningofthedigtoheoptohelpthenestscraper.
Bowlscrapersareoftenextremelypowerfulmachines;manymakersbuildscrapersof8cubicmetersstruckcapacity,whichcarry10m³heaped.Thelargestself-propelledscrapersareof19m³struckcapacity(25m³heaped)andtheyaredrivenbyatractorengineof430horse-powers.
Dumpersareprobablythecommonestrubber-tyredtransportsincetheycanalsoconvenientlybeusedforcarryingconcreteorotherbuildingmaterials.Dumpershavetheearthcontaineroverthefrontaxleonlargerubber-tyredwheels,andthecontainertipsforwardsonmosttypes,thoughinarticulateddumpersthedirectionoftipcanbewidelyvaried.Thesmallestveacapacityofabout0.5m³,andthelargeststandardtypesareofabout4.5m³.Specialtypesincludetheself-loadingdumperofupto4m³andthearticulatedtypeofabout0.5m³.Thedistinctionbetweendumpersanddumptrucksmustberemembered.dumperstipforwardsandthedriversitsbehindtheload.Dumptrucksareheavy,strengthenedtippinglorries,thedrivertravelsinfrontlftheloadandtheloadisdumpedbehindh
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