小型电动载货三轮车的设计.docx
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小型电动载货三轮车的设计.docx
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小型电动载货三轮车的设计
目录
摘要·····································································································1
关键词··································································································1
1前言································································································1
1.1课题背景及目的··········································································1
1.2国内外研究状况···············································································2
1.3本论文设计的主要内容···································································3
2电动三轮车结构设计方案的确定······························································3
2.1电动三轮车根据用途不同的分类·······················································3
2.1.1老年休闲型电动三轮车····························································3
2.1.2客运型电动三轮车····································································3
2.1.3货运型电动三轮车·········································································3
2.2目前国内外常见的电动三轮车后桥的结构样式·····································3
2.2.1单侧电机、外置车架型·························································3
2.2.2中置电机带大轴型······································································4
2.3电动三轮车设计方案比较分析····························································4
3电动车的整体设计···················································································4
3.1电动三轮车的参数选择····································································4
3.2电动三轮车外形的设计····································································4
4电动机的选择·························································································5
4.1电动机的分类··················································································5
4.1.1有刷电机的优缺点·······································································5
4.1.2无刷电机的优缺点·····································································6
4.2电动机功率的选择·············································································7
4.2.1行驶阻力·····················································································7
4.2.2最大功率·············································································7
4.2.3最大转速············································································7
5蓄电池的选择··················································································7
6控制器的选择·····················································································7
6.1控制器的功能·················································································8
6.2控制器的分类·············································································8
6.2.1有刷控制器·········································································8
6.2.2无刷控制器············································································9
7电动三轮车转向机构的设计·····································································10
7.1转向方式的确定·················································································10
7.2前叉的设计······················································································10
7.2.1前叉转向轴的设计··································································10
7.2.2叉冠的设计··············································································10
7.2.3减震器的选择············································································11
8电动三轮车行走系统的设计·········································································12
8.1车架的设计·······················································································12
8.2电动三轮车后桥选用······································································13
8.3传动轴的设计········································································13
9电动三轮车制动系统的设计·······································································14
9.1电动三轮车前轮制动系统·······································································14
9.2电动三轮车后轮制动系统·····································································14
9.3电动三轮车驻车系统·········································································14
10轮胎、轮辋的选择·············································································15
10.1轮胎····························································································15
10.2轮辋··························································································15
11结论·······································································································15
参考文献····································································································16
致谢···········································································································17
小型电动载货三轮车的设计
摘要:
本文分析了国内外电动车的现状,对未来进行了展望,设计出一款新型的载货电动三轮车。
文中介绍了电动三轮车的分类、用途以及各种类型的电动三轮车的优缺点,并根据我对电动三轮车的市场调查的情况进行分析研究。
对电动三轮车的整车参数、外形尺寸、前叉结构、驱动系统和制动系统等进行了设计和改进。
关键词:
电动三轮车;电动机:
前叉结构;驱动系统;制动系统
TheDesignofSmall-scaleElectricCargoTricycle
Abstract:
Thispaperanalyzesthedomesticandforeignelectriccurrentsituation,undertookexpectationtofuture,designedanewcargoelectrictricycle.Thispaperintroducestheclassificationofelectrictricycle,electrictricyclepurposesaswellasvarioustypesofadvantagesanddisadvantages,andaccordingtotheelectrictricyclemarketresearchsituationconductstheanalysisresearch.Ontheelectrictricyclevehicleparameters,dimensions,frontforkstructure,drivingsystemandbrakingsystemforthedesignandimprovement.
Keywords:
electrictricycle;motor:
frontforkstructure;drivesystem;brakingsystem
1前言
1.1课题背景及目的
目前电动车已经成为城乡主要的交通工具之一,为了顺应时代的潮流和人民生活的需要,我早已想对电动车做进一步的开发,通过和指导老师讨论决定对电动三轮车进行进一步的研究和改进,设计出一款更为实用经济的电动三轮车产品。
由于能源价格的日益攀升,电动车具有方便,节能,环保等优点,国家倡导绿色能源,电动车将在世界各地逐渐普及,这对保护环境、节约资源和提升人们的生活质量有重要的作用。
针对掌握的资料知道电动摩托车是以蓄电池作为辅助能源,它虽然具有普通三轮摩托车的外表特征,但主要的是,它是在普通三行车的基础上,安装了电机、控制器、蓄电池、转把、闸把等操纵部件和显示仪表系统的、机电一体化的个人交通工具。
无论是国内销售,而是海外发展的电动三轮车.现在还是处于一个摸索中成长的阶段。
表现主要有以下几点:
科技含量不够高,整体产业链上中下游问题百出,无具体的行业标准要求限制。
中国电动三轮车行业起步于2001年左右,竞争相对并不激烈,然而与前几年相比,近几年由于行业发展增速,企业数量也随之急速增长。
目前,全国共有电动三轮车品牌厂家200余家,规模相对较大的企业有:
金彭、宇峰、百事利、平安人家、步步先、淮海、福田、速利达、丰收、帅克、合旺牛、大安、富尔沃、普田、常力等。
电动车行业由于门槛低,技术含量不高,产品仿冒层出不穷,大多数企业在新品开发上放弃了自主研发而采取市场跟进策略,即市场上什么车型畅销就上什么车型。
电动车市场消费者的不成熟,对新鲜外观的追逐喜好的特点使得电动车新品更新换代过于频繁,企业要想投其所好吸引这些消费者,就必须加快新品开发的速度,可见电动车新品开发得重要性。
1.2国内外研究状况
纵观全世界,我国的电动车行业用了最少的政府财政支持和行业监管,已经发展成为最大的电动车生产基地。
目前年产量接近十万辆或超过十万辆的企业有三家左右,分别是宇锋、金彭与百事利,年产量在五万辆左右的企业约有十多家,包括平安人家、步步先、淮海、福田、速利达、丰收、帅克、合旺牛、大安、富尔沃、普天、常力等,另外,全国各区域分布着众多中小型电动三轮车企业,如美时达、万吉、绿能达、金源、阿拉奇、蒙格马、达尔福等。
由于行业仍处于生长期阶段,现有电动三轮车企业发展势头良好,而更多的企业跻身到这一行业中来,其中包括摩托车企业、电动车企业以及自行车企业等。
另一方面市场的不成熟也导致了行业内目前仍未出现实力明显领先的企业与品牌,电动三轮车行业品牌格局并未形成,而目前的基本格局也只是一个暂时的,并不稳定的格局,在行业迅速发展的近一两年内,这一格局将有可能被多次改变。
目前来说,三大板块内的所有企业,包括其他区域的电动三轮车企业都处于扩大规模中。
2005年至今,电动三轮车产业出现井喷状态,其发展形势犹如五年前的电动自行车行业。
市场的迅速增长给企业带来巨大机会,同时也成为品牌突围的最佳时机,预计在三年之内,将会陆续有更多的企业进入到这一行业,电动三轮车行业的企业数量将成倍增长,而行业品牌格局在产业规模的持续扩张以及行业洗牌的双重作用下将逐渐清晰,并形成相对稳定的状态。
1.3本论文设计的主要内容
通过网上资料的搜集和对市场的亲身调查发现现在电动三轮车的发展状况和技术水平,然后通过对资料的整合和自身大学四年学到的知识的运用与指导老师的帮助,把各项新的技术运用到设计的新产品中。
内容主要包括电动三轮车的整车总体配置设计、电动三轮车前叉的设计、电动三轮车驱动系统的设计和电动三轮车制动系统的设计、以及对蓄电池和电动机的选型。
2电动三轮车结构设计方案的确定
2.1电动三轮车根据用途不同的分类
2.1.1老年休闲型电动三轮车
休闲型电动三轮车以自用为主,通常作为老年人休闲娱乐、接送儿孙上学或者买菜走亲戚所用。
老年人可以用来作为结伴去钓鱼、逛公园、健身等的代步工具。
车身比较轻,车速比较低,比较省电,还有助力脚踏,可以作为低电或者没电时应急所用,也可以作为老年人锻炼身体的工具。
2.1.2客运型电动三轮车
客运型电动三轮车以城镇客运为主,他的主要特点就是承载能力强,可以坐五到六人,电池容量比较大,车身比较重比较长,一般采用中置电动机或者是采用差速电机的方式作为后桥的驱动方式。
电池容量大、电机功率较大、电压较高、行程比较远。
同时也有助力脚踏,在低电、没电或者上坡、起步时使用。
这种客运型点动三轮车多用在城乡客运或者出租所用,车速比较高、车身比较大、轴距较长,稳定性比较好。
2.1.3货运型电动三轮车
货运型电动三轮车集合了客运和货运的长处,用途更多、应用范围更广泛。
一般也是采用的中置电动机或者差速电机作为后桥驱动系统,不仅可以载人,还可以载货,不管是城市还是农村都可以用。
它的电动机功率、电池容量、电池组电压更为高,这样车速更高、动力更强、行程更远。
同时车身使用的钢材更厚、标号更高,同时那整车成本更高。
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2.2目前国内外常见的电动三轮车后桥的结构样式
2.2.1单侧电机、外置车架型
单侧轮电机,外置车架(车架在车轮外边),这种结构的车没有大轴,稳定性不好,后两轮不同步,载重量轻,车架易变形。
这种电动三轮车的优点是制造工艺简单车身轻便,耗电量相对较小,没有差速器,驱动系统相对简单,成本低。
缺点就是使用范围比较狭小,不适合在路况不太好的乡下使用。
一般情况下此种车型车速较低,车子容易掌控,可作为老年人、残疾人代步用车。
2.2.2中置电机带大轴型
要选择中置电机带大轴的车,(大轴又称后桥、后梁,是连接三轮车后两轮之间的车轴,三轮车的重要部件)这种车稳定性好,中置电机同时驱动后两轮,启动平稳。
而且这类车不用外置车架,整车外观也好看。
这种类型的车成本比较高、车身比较重、承载能力强,适合城市货运和路况比较差的城乡使用。
随着使用范围的扩大,还出现了电动三轮出租车,电动三轮环卫车等。
2.3电动三轮车设计方案比较分析
综合所有电动三轮车的特点和用途,再经过我对本地区市场的需求,我决定设计一款新型的货运电动三轮车。
因为现在的货运型电动三轮车整体来说使用的是多块电车组和中置电动机。
这样就加重了车身的自重,还需要有链条的传动。
这样的电动三轮车的缺点有两点:
一、电动三轮车的电池组的自重消耗了电池的电量,使得电动三轮车的行程缩短;二、用链条传动在功率的传递过程中也消耗了一部分电能。
通过我认真的分析、导师的指点和通过搜集市场的资料和调研。
对于电池组方面,还是采用传统的密封铅酸蓄电池,相对新型的电池组而言,价格更低,性价比更高。
而由于链条传动过程中有功率消耗的问题,采用差速电机直接与后桥连接来消除链传动的功率消耗。
因此这样与传统的电动车相比更车身自重更轻、行程更远,使用维护更为方便,噪音更低。
3电动车的整体设计
3.1电动三轮车的参数选择
整车外形尺寸:
3060mm×1300mm×1500mm
最高车速:
30km/h
最小离地间隙:
160mm
前轮最大转角(左转/右转)45°
转弯半径:
3m
最大爬坡能力:
30°
载质量:
250kg
车辆自重:
200kg
3.2电动三轮车外形的设计
经过认真的调研和对目前市场的考察,经导师指点。
我设计了一款新型电动三轮车。
其外观如图1所示。
图1电动三轮车
Fig.1Electrictricycle
车身效仿了原来比较流行的三轮摩托车的外观,整体比较协调,符合多数人的审美关,市场前景很好。
具体参数如下:
整车长:
3060mm、整车宽:
1300mm、整车高:
1500mm、前后轴距:
2055mm、后轮轴宽:
1100mm。
车厢为三开门型新型设计方法,方便装卸货物,操作简单。
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4电动机的选择
4.1电动机的分类
电动机是电动车的关键部件之一。
电机和轮毂结合安装在电动车上,从而达到运行的目的。
电机的性能基本上决定了电动车的性能和档次。
目前电动车均采用稀土永磁直流电机。
所谓永磁电机,是指电机线圈采用永磁体激磁,不采用线圈激磁的方式,这样就省去了激励线圈工作消耗的电能,提高了电机的转换效率,延长了续行里程。
电机大致可以分为直流有刷电机和直流无刷电机两大类。
有刷电机分为有刷有齿高速电机、有刷无齿低速电机;无刷电机分为无刷有齿高速电机、无刷无齿低速电机;有刷电机和无刷电机最直观的区别是有刷电机有2根引线,无刷电机有8根引线。
有刷电机采用碳刷和换向器工作,无刷电机采用传感器加三个霍尔元件进行换向。
它们各自的优缺点如下:
4.1.1有刷电机的优缺点
(1)有刷电机、控制器启动块,结构简单,成本低,维修简单,配件易购。
(2)有刷电机一般使用一段时间就需要更换碳刷(2只或4只),但更换一组碳刷的成本仅为几元钱,比较经济。
(3)有刷电机比无刷电机相比噪声较大,但在室外骑行时基本听不到。
(4)有刷电机比无刷电机费电。
(5)有刷电机动力性能和爬坡能力相对弱一些。
4.1.2无刷电机的优缺点
(1)无刷电机工作时因为输出转矩大,效率高,噪声小,运行平稳,成为当前电动车上应用的主流电机。
(2)无刷电机使用寿命长,爬坡能力强、有劲,有“永不磨损”的优点,正常不需要维修。
(3)电机与控制器的综合效率高。
(4)无刷电机更需要防水,因为无刷电机中有霍尔元件和大量的硅钢片,如果电机进水,会造成霍尔元件损坏和硅钢片生锈,造成电机损坏。
(5)无刷电机控制器电路复杂,售价也高,配件不易购买。
表1有刷电机和无刷电机的综合比较
Table.1Thecomprehensivecomparisonofbrushmotorsandbrushlessmotors
项目
无刷电机
高速有刷电机
低速有刷电机
效率
高
低
中
功率密度
中
高
低
换向火花
无
大
小
寿命
长
短
中
震动
中
中
小
噪声
小
大
中
电磁干扰
无
大
中
启动加速
良
优
差
过载能力
中
大
小
温升(绕组)
中
高
低
磁体
低
高
高
可靠性
高
低
中
结构
复杂
复杂
简单
工艺
复杂
复杂
简单
材料消耗
中
中
多
成本
中
较贵
低
运行
低
较贵
低
环境适用性
强
有选择
有选择
通过以上有刷电机与无刷电机的比较,本电动车采
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