Plagirism 作弊问题讲解.docx
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Plagirism 作弊问题讲解.docx
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Plagirism作弊问题讲解
AvoidingPlagiarism
(BroughttoyoubythePurdueUniversityOnline
WritingLabathttp:
//owl.english.purdue.edu)
---AcademicwritinginAmericaninstitutionsisfilledwithrulesthatwritersoftendonotknowhowtofollow.Aworkingknowledgeoftheserulesiscriticallyimportant.
---Inadvertentmistakescanleadtochargesofplagiarismortheunacknowledgeduseofsomebodyelse’swordsorideas.
---Achargeofplagiarismcanhavesevereconsequences,includingexpulsionfromauniversity.
TheContradictionsof
AmericanAcademicWriting
Showyouhavedoneyourresearch
--But--
Writesomethingnewandoriginal
Appealtoexpertsandauthorities
--But--
Improveupon,ordisagreewithexpertsandauthorities
ImproveyourEnglishbymimickingwhatyouhearandread
--But--
Useyourownwords,yourownvoice
Givecreditwherecreditisdue
--But--
Makeyourownsignificantcontribution
---Sinceteachersandadministratorsmaynotdistinguishbetweendeliberateandaccidentalplagiarism,theheartofavoidingplagiarismistomakesureyougivecreditwhereitisdue.
---Thismaybecreditforsomethingsomebodysaid,wrote,emailed,drew,orimplied.
ChoosingWhentoGiveCredit
NeedtoDocument
NoNeedtoDocument
∙Whenyouareusingorreferringtosomebodyelse’swordsorideasfromamagazine,book,newspaper,song,TVprogram,movie,Webpage,computerprogram,letter,advertisement,oranyothermedium
∙Whenyouuseinformationgainedthroughinterviewinganotherperson
∙Whenyoucopytheexactwordsora"uniquephrase"fromsomewhere
∙Whenyoureprintanydiagrams,illustrations,charts,andpictures
∙Whenyouuseideasthatothershavegivenyouinconversationsoroveremail
∙Whenyouarewritingyourownexperiences,yourownobservations,yourowninsights,yourownthoughts,yourownconclusionsaboutasubject
∙Whenyouareusing"commonknowledge"—folklore,commonsenseobservations,sharedinformationwithinyourfieldofstudyorculturalgroup
∙
∙Whenyouarecompilinggenerallyacceptedfacts
∙Whenyouarewritingupyourownexperimentalresults
MakingSureYouAreSafe
Actionduringthewritingprocess
Appearanceonthefinishedproduct
Whenresearchingnote-takingandinterview-ing
-Markeverythingthatissomeoneelse’swordswithabigQ(forquote)orwithbigquotationmarks
--Indicateinyournoteswhichideasaretakenfromsources(S)andwhichareyourowninsights(ME)
--Recordalloftherelevantdocumentationinformationinyournotes
--Proofreadandcheckwithyournotes(orphotocopiesofsources)tomakesurethatanythingtakenfromyournotesisacknowledgedinsomecombinationofthewayslistedbelow:
-In-textcitation
-Footnotes
-Bibliography
-Quotationmarks
-Indirectquotations
Whenparaphrasingandsummarizing
--First,writeyourparaphraseandsummarywithoutlookingattheoriginaltext,soyourelyonlyonyourmemory.
--Next,checkyourversionwiththeoriginalforcontent,accuracy,andmistakenlyborrowedphrases
--Beginyoursummarywithastatementgivingcredittothesource:
AccordingtoJonathanKozol,...
--Putanyuniquewordsorphrasesthatyoucannotchange,ordonotwanttochange,inquotationmarks:
..."savageinequalities"existthroughoutoureducationalsystem(Kozol).
Whenquotingdirectly
--Keeptheperson’snamenearthequoteinyournotes,andinyourpaper.
--Selectthosedirectquotesthatmakethemostimpactinyourpaper--toomanydirectquotesmaylessenyourcredibilityandinterferewithyourstyle
--Mentiontheperson’snameeitheratthebeginningofthequote,inthemiddle,orattheend.
--Putquotationmarksaroundthetextthatyouarequoting.
--Indicateaddedphrasesinbrackets([])andomittedtextwithellipses(...)
Whenquotingindirectly
--Keeptheperson’snamenearthetextinyournotes,andinyourpaper
--Rewritethekeyideasusingdifferentwordsandsentencestructuresthantheoriginaltext
--Mentiontheperson’snameeitheratthebeginningoftheinformation,orinthemiddle,oratthatend
--Doublechecktomakesurethatyourwordsandsentencestructuresaredifferentthantheoriginaltext
Decidingifsomethingis
"CommonKnowledge"
Materialisprobablycommonknowledgeif…
∙Youfindthesameinformationundocumentedinatleastfiveothersources.
∙Youthinkitisinformationthatyourreaderswillalreadyknow.
∙Youthinkapersoncouldeasilyfindtheinformationwithgeneralreferencesources.
ExercisesforPractice
Belowaresomesituationsinwhichwritersneedtodecidewhethertheyarerunningtheriskofplagiarizing.
IntheY/Ncolumn,indicateifyouwouldneedtodocument(Yes),orifitisnotnecessarytoprovidequotationmarksoracitation(No).Ifyoudoneedtogivethesourcecreditinsomeway,explainhowyouwouldhandleit.Ifnot,explainwhy.
Situation
Y/N
Ifyes,whatdoyoudo?
Ifno,why?
1.Youarewritingnew
insightsaboutyour
ownexperiences.
2.Youareusinganeditorialfromyourschool'snewspaper,whichyoudisagreewith.
3.Youusesomeinformationfromasourcewithout
everquotingitdirectly.
4.Youhavenootherway
ofexpressingtheexactmeaningofatextwithoutusingtheoriginalsource
verbatim(meaningword
forword)
Youmentionthatmanypeopleinyourdisciplinebelongtoacertainorganization.
5.YouwanttobeginyourpaperwithastorythatoneofyourclassmatestoldaboutherexperiencesinBosnia.
Thequoteyouwantto
useistoolong,soyou
leaveoutacoupleofphrases.
6.Youreallylikethe
particularphrasethat
somebodyelsemadeup,
soyouuseit.
___TheEnd__
Quotingandparaphrasingsources
(http:
//www.wisc.edu/writing/handbook/documentation.html)
I.Howtoavoidplagiarism
Whenusingsecondarysourcesinyourpapers,youcanavoidplagiarismbyknowingwhatmustbedocumented.
Specificwordsandphrases
Ifyouuseanauthor'sspecificwordorwords,youmustplacethosewordswithinquotationmarksandyoumustcreditthesource.
InformationandIdeas
Evenifyouuseyourownwords,ifyouobtainedtheinformationorideasyouarepresentingfromasource,youmustdocumentthesource.
--Information:
Ifapieceofinformationisn’tcommon
Knowledge(see#3below),youneedto
provideasource.
---Ideas:
Anauthor'sideasmayincludenotonlythepointsmadeandconclusionsdrawn,butalso,forinstance,aspecificmethodortheory,thearrangementofmaterial,oralistofstepsinaprocessorcharacteristicsofamedicalcondition.Ifasourceprovidedanyofthese,youneedtoacknowledgethesource.
CommonKnowledge?
Youdonotneedtociteasourceformaterialconsideredcommonknowledge:
---Generalcommonknowledgeisfactualinformationconsideredtobeinthepublicdomain,suchasbirthanddeathdatesofwell-knownfigures,andgenerallyaccepteddatesofmilitary,political,literary,andotherhistoricalevents.Ingeneral,factualinformationcontainedinmultiplestandardreferenceworkscanusuallybeconsideredtobeinthepublicdomain.
---Field-specificcommonknowledgeis"common"onlywithinaparticularfieldorspecialty.Itmayincludefacts,theories,ormethodsthatarefamiliartoreaderswithinthatdiscipline.Forinstance,youmaynotneedtociteareferencetoPiaget’sdevelopmentalstagesinapaperforaneducationclassorgiveasourceforyourdescriptionofacommonlyusedmethodinabiologyreport,butyoumustbesurethatthisinformationissowidelyknownwithinthatfieldthatitwillbesharedbyyourreaders.
Ifindoubt,becautiousandcitethesource.
Inthecaseofbothgeneralandfield-specificcommonknowledge,ifyouusetheexactwordsofthereferencesource,youmustusequotationmarksandcreditthesource.
II.ShouldIparaphraseorquote?
---Ingeneral,usedirectquotationsonlyifyouhaveagoodreason.Mostofyourpapershouldbeinyourownwords.
---Inaddition,itisoftenconventionaltoquotemoreextensivelyfromsourceswhenyou'rewritingahumanitiespaper,andtosummarizefromsourceswhenyou'rewritinginthesocialornaturalsciences--buttherearealwaysexceptions.
---Inaliteraryanalysispaper,forexample,you'llwanttoquotefromtheliterarytextratherthansummarize,becausepartofyourtaskinthiskindofpaperistoanalyzethespecificwordsandphrasesanauthoruses.
---Inresearchpapers,youshouldquotefromasource
∙toshowthatanauthoritysupportsyourpoint.
∙topresentapositionorargumenttocritiqueorcommenton.
∙toincludeespeciallymovingorhistoricallysignificantlanguage.
∙topresentaparticularlywell-statedpassagewhosemeaningwouldbelostorchangedifparaphrasedorsummarized
---Youshouldsummarizeorparaphrasewhen
∙whatyouwantfromthesourceistheideaexpressed,andnotthespecificlanguageusedtoexpressit
∙youcanexpressinfewerwordswhatthekeypointofasourceis.
III.Successfulvs.unsuccessfulparaphrases
Paraphrasingisoftendefinedasputtingapassagefromanauthorinto“yourownwords.”However,whatareyourownwords?
Howdifferentmustyourparaphrasebefromtheoriginal.
Theparagraphsbelowprovideanexamplebyshowingapassageasitappearsinthesource,twoparaphrasesthatfollowthesourcetooclosely,andalegitimateparaphrase.
Thestudent’sintentionwastoincorporatethematerialintheoriginalpassageintoasectionofapaperontheconceptof“experts”thatcomparedthefunctionsofexpertsandnon-expertsinseveralprofessions.
1.ThePassageasItAppearsintheSource
Criticalcare
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