全国高考英语试题阅读理解分类汇编之议论文.docx
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全国高考英语试题阅读理解分类汇编之议论文.docx
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全国高考英语试题阅读理解分类汇编之议论文
2012年全国高考英语试题阅读理解分类汇编之议论文
12012全国新课标
D
Grown-upsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedstillswimaswellaseversince.Amanwhenhegetsbackwhohasnothadachancetogoswimmingforyearscaninthewater.Hecangetonabicycleaftermanyyearsandstillrideaway.Hecanplaycatchandhitaballaswellashisson.Amotherwhohasnotthoughtaboutthewordsforyearscanteachherdaughterthepoemthatbegins"Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar"。
rememberthestoryofCinderellaorGoldilocksandtheThreeBears.
Oneexplanationisthelawofoverlearninrf,whichcanbestatedasfollows:
Oncewehavelearnedsomething,additionallearningtrials(尝试)increasethelengthoftimewewillrememberit.
Inchildhoodweusuallycontinuetopracticesuchskillsasswimming,bicycleriding,andplayingbaseballlongafterwehavelearnedthem.Wecontinuetolistentoandremindourselvesofwordssuchas"Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar"andchildhoodtalessuchasCinderellaandGoldilocks.Wenotonlylearnbutoverlearn.
Themultiplicationtables(乘法口诀表)areanexceptiontotheeeneralrulethatweforgetratherquicklythethingsthatwelearninschool,becausetheyareanotherofthethingsweoverlearninchildhood.
Thelawofoverleamingexplainswhycramming(突击学习)foranexamination.thoughitmayresultinapassinggrade,isnotasatisfactorywaytolearnacollegecourse.Bycramming,astudentmaylearnthesubjectwellenoughtogetbyontheexamination,butheislikelysoontoforgetalmosteverythinghelearned.Alittleoverlearning.ontheotherhand,isreallynecessaryforone'sfuturedevelopment.
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。
成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记着儿时学过的东西。
作者认为这是儿时过度学习的结果,是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候,我们不是就此停止,而是继续练习,才使我们记忆深刻。
文章用例证法说明了“过度学习”的概念。
最后作者谈到了“过度学习”的好处和突击学习的弊端。
67.Whatisthemainideaofparagraph1?
A.Peoplerememberwellwhattheylearnedinchildhood.
B.Childrenhaveabettermemorythangrown-ups.
C.Poemreadingisagoodwaytolearnwords.
D.Storiesforchildrenareeasytoremember.
【答案】A
【解析】根据文章的第一段的“Grown-upsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedeversince.”可知:
文章讲得是成年人常常惊叹他们非常好的记着儿时学过的东西。
C、D断章取义,讲得太具体,B项错误,因为那是过度学习的结果,不是儿时记忆力好。
所以A正确。
【考点定位】考查主旨要义。
68.Theauthorexplainsthelawofoverlearningby_________.
A.presentingresearchfindings
B.settingdowngeneralrules
C.makingacomparison
D.usingexamples
69.Accordingtotheauthor,beingabletousemultiplicationtablesis_______.
A.aresultofoverlearning
B.aspecialcaseofcramming
C.askilltodealwithmathproblems
D.abasicsteptowardsadvancedstudies
70.Whatistheauthor'sopiniononcramming?
A.Itleadstofailureincollegeexams.
B.It'shelpfulonlyinalimitedway.
C.It'spossibletoresultinpoormemory.
D.Itincreasesstudents'learninginterest.
【答案】B
【解析】根据文章的最后一段中的“Bycramming,astudentmaylearnthesubjectwellenoughtogetbyontheexamination,butheislikelysoontoforgetalmosteverythinghelearned.”可知:
突击学习只在有限的方面有帮助。
所以B正确。
【考点定位】考查作者的观点和态度。
2.【2012全国II】
(C)
Facialexpressionscarrymeaningthatisdeterminedbysituationsandrelationships.Forexample,inAmericanculture(文化)thesmileisingeneralanexpressionofpleasure.Yetitalsohasotheruses.Awoman’ssmileatapoliceofficerdoesnotcarrythesamemeaningasthesmileshegivestoayoungchild.Asmilemayshowloveorpoliteness.Itcanalsohidetruefeelings.Itoftencausesconfusion(困惑)acrosscultures.Forexample,manypeopleinRussiasmilingatstrangersinpublictobeunusualandevenimproper.YetmanyAmericanssmilefreelyatstrangersinpublicplaces(althoughthisislesscommoninbigcities).SomeRussiansbelievethatAmericanssmileinthewrongplaces;someAmericansbelievethatRussiansdon’tsmileenough.InSoutheastAsianculture,asmileisfrequentlyusedtocoverpainfulfeelings.Vietnamesepeoplemaytellasadstorybutendthestorywithasmile.
Ourfacesshowemotions(情感),butweshouldnotattemptto“read”peoplefromanothercultureaswewould“read”someonefromourownculture.Thefactthatmembersofoneculturedonotexpresstheiremotionsasopenlyasdomembersofanotherdoesnotmeanthattheydonotexperienceemotions.Rather,thereareculturaldifferencesintheamountoffacialexpressionspermitted.Forexample,inpublicandinformalsituationsmanyJapanesedonotshowtheiremotionsasfreelyasAmericansdo.Whenwithfriends,JapaneseandAmericansseemtoshowtheiremotionssimilarly.
ItisdifficulttogeneralizeaboutAmericansandfacialexpressivenessbecauseofpersonalandculturaldifferencesintheUnitedStates.PeoplefromcertainculturalbackgroundsintheUnitedStatesseemtobemorefaciallyexpressivethanothers.Thekeyistotrynottojudgepeoplewhosewaysofshowingemotionaredifferent.Ifwejudgeaccordingtoourownculturalhabits,wemaymakethemistakeof“reading”theotherpersonincorrectly.
49.WhatdoesthesmileusuallymeanintheU.S.?
A.Love.B.Politeness.C.Joy.D.Thankfulness.
由“Forexample,inAmericanculture(文化)thesmileisingeneralanexpressionofpleasure”可知,在美国文化中,一般地说,微笑是快乐的表情。
此处joy是pleasure的同义词。
故选C。
【考点定位】考查细节理解。
50.TheauthormentionsthesmileoftheVietnamesetoprovethatsmilecan___.
A.showfriendlinesstostrangersB.beusedtohidetruefeelings
C.beusedinthewrongplacesD.showpersonalhabits
【答案】B
【解析】根据文章第一段中的“Itcanalsohidetruefeelings.Itoftencausesconfusion(困惑)acrosscultures.”可知这是一个中心句,其后用例证法阐述:
微笑能隐藏真正的感情。
它常常导致跨文化间的困惑。
其中越南人讲故事的例子就是为了说明这一观点。
故选B。
【考点定位】考查作者的写作意图。
51.Whatshouldwedobeforeattemptingto“read”people?
A.Learnabouttheirrelationswithothers.
B.Understandtheirculturalbackgrounds.
C.Findoutabouttheirpastexperience.
D.Figureoutwhattheywilldonext.
【答案】B
【解析】根据文章最后一段中的“Thekeyistotrynottojudgepeoplewhosewaysofshowingemotionaredifferent.Ifwejudgeaccordingtoourownculturalhabits,wemaymakethemistakeof“reading”theotherpersonincorrectly.”可知,我们在“读”人们的表情的时候,要现理解他们的文化背景,否则,就会出错。
【考点定位】考查判断推理。
52.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetest?
A.CulturalDifferencesB.SmilesandRelationship
C.FacialExpressivenessD.HabitsandEmotions
【答案】C
【解析】文章通篇阐述了面部表情的种种表现形式,以及文化之间的差异导致的面部表情的含义不同。
所以C正确。
【考点定位】考查文章的标题。
3.【2012陕西卷】
D
Springiscoming,anditistimeforthoseabouttograduatetolookforjobs.Competitionistough,sojobseekersmustcarefullyconsidertheirpersonalchoices.Whateverwearewearing,ourfamilyandfriendsmayacceptus,buttheworkplacemaynot.
Ahighschoolnewspapereditorsaiditisunfairforcompaniestodiscouragevisibletattoos(纹身)noserings,orcertaindressstyles.Itistrueyoucan’tjudgeabookbyitscover,yetpeopledo“cover”themselvesinordertoconvey(传递)certainmessages.Whatwewear,includingtattoosandnoserings,isanexpressionofwhoweare.Justaspeopleconveymessagesaboutthemselveswiththeirappearances»sodocompanies.Dressstandardsexistinthebusinessworldforanumberofreasons,butthemainconcernisoftenaboutwhatcustomersaccept.
Othersmaysayhowtodressisamatterofpersonalfreedom,butforbusinessesitismoreaboutwhethertomakeorlosemoney.Mostemployersdocareaboutthepersonalappearancesoftheiremployees(雇员),becausethosepeoplerepresentthecompaniestotheircustomers.
AsahiringmanagerIampaidtochoosethepeoplewhowouldmakethebestimpressiononourcustomers.Thereareplentyofwell-qualifiedcandidates,soitisnotwrongtorejectsomeonewhomightdisappointmycustomers.EventhoughIamopen-minded,Ican’texpectallourcustomersare.
Thereisnobodytoblamebutyourselfifyoursetofchoicesdoesnotmatchthatofyourpreferredemployer.Nocompanyshouldhavetochangetosatisfyacandidatesimplycauseheorsheisunwillingtorespectitsstandards,aslongasitsstandardsarelegal.
57.Whichofthefollowingisthenewspapereditor’opinionaccordingtoParagraph2?
A.People’sappearancescarrymessagesaboutthemselves.
B.Customers’choicesinfluencedressstandardsincompanies.
C.Candidateswithtattoosornoseringsshouldbefairlytreated.
D.Strangedressstylesshouldnotbeencouragedintheworkplace.
58.Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?
A.Candidateshavetowearwhatcompaniespreferforaninterview.
B.Whattowearisnotamatterofpersonalchoiceforcompanies.
C.Companiessometimeshavetochangetorespecttheircandidates.
D.Hiringmanagersmakethebestimpressionontheircandidates.
59.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.EmployeesMatterB.PersonalChoicesMatter
C.AppearancesMatterD.HiringManagersMatter
3.【2012重庆卷】
D
TotaketheappleasaforbiddenfruitisthemostunlikelystorytheChristians(基督教徒)evercookedup.Forthem,theforbiddenfruitfromEdenisevil(邪恶的).SowhenColubroughtthetomatobackfromSouthAmerica,alandmistakenlyconsideredtobeeden,everjumpedtobetheobviousconclusion.WronglytakenastheappleofEden,thetomatowasshutoutofthedoorofEuropeans.
Whatmadeitparticularlyterrifyingwasitssimilaritytothemandrake,aplantthatwasthetohavecomefromHell(地狱).Whatearnedtheplantitsawfulreputationwasitsrootswlookedlikeadried-uphumanbodyoccupiedbyevilspirits.Toughthetomatoandthemanwerequitedifferentexceptthatbothhadbrightredoryellowfruit,thegeneralpopulationconsiothemoneandthesame,toterribletotouch.
CautiousEuropeanslongignoredthetomato,anduntiltheearly1700smostoftheWepeoplecontinuedtodragtheirfeet.Inthe1880s,thedaughterofawell-knownplant
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