英语专八新题型阅读模拟训练附详细答案解析一.docx
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英语专八新题型阅读模拟训练附详细答案解析一.docx
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英语专八新题型阅读模拟训练附详细答案解析一
2016英语专八新题型阅读模拟训练附详细答案解析
(一)
ENGLISHDEPARTMENTOFTOURISMOFCISISU
MODELTESTFORENGLISHMAJORS
(1)
-GRADEEIGHT-
PARTIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION
[45MIN]
SECTIONAMULTIPLE-CHOICEQUESTIONS
Inthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyfourteenmultiplechoicequestions.Foreachmultiplechoicequestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswerandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.
PASSAGEONE
FromtheChryslerCorporationtotheCentralIntelligenceAgency,culturaldiversityprogramsareflourishinginAmericanorganizationstoday.Firmscannolongersafelyassumethateveryemployeewalkinginthedoorhassimilarbeliefsorexpectations.WhereasNorthAmericanwhitemalesmaybelieveinchallengingauthority,Asianstendtorespectanddefertoit.InHispaniccultures,peopleoftenbringmusic,food,andfamilymemberstowork,acustomthatU.S.businesseshavetraditionallynotallowed.Ajobapplicantwhowon'tmakeeyecontactduringaninterviewmayberejectedforbeingunapproachable,whenaccordingtoherculture,shewasjustbeingpolite.
Asalargernumberofwomen,minorities,andimmigrantsentertheU.S.workforce,theworkplaceisgrowingmorediverse.Itisestimatedthatby2008womenwillmakeupabout48percentoftheU.S.workforce,andAfricanAmericansandHispanicswilleachaccountforabout11percent;bytheyear2050,minoritieswillmakeupover50percentoftheAmericanpopulation.
Culturaldiversityreferstothedifferencesamongpeopleinaworkforceduetorace,ethnicity,andgender.Increasingculturaldiversityisforcingmanagerstolearntosuperviseandmotivatepeoplewithabroaderrangeofvaluessystems.AccordingtoarecentsurveybytheAmericanManagementAssociation,halfofallU.S.employershaveestablishedsomekindofformalinitiativetopromoteandmanageculturaldiversity.Althoughdemographicsisn'ttheonlyreasonforthegrowthoftheseprograms,itisacompellingone.Anincreasingnumberoforganizationshavecometobelievethatdiversity,likequalityandcustomerservice,isacompetitiveedge.Amorediverseworkforceprovidesawiderrangeofideasandperspectivesandfosterscreativityandinnovation.Avenuesforencouragingdiversityincluderecruitingathistoricallyblackcollegesanduniversities,traininganddevelopment,mentoring,andrevampedpromotionreviewpolicies.Togetoutthemessageabouttheircommitmenttodiversity,manyorganizationsestablishdiversitycouncilsmadeupofemployees,managersandexecutives.
AlthoughmanyFortune500companiesaremakingdiversitypartoftheirstrategicplanningprocess,someprogramsstandoutfromthecrowd.
AtTexasInstruments,strategiesforenhancingdiversityincludeanaggressiverecruitingplan,diversitytraining,mentoring,andanincentivecompensationprogramthatrewardsmanagersforfosteringdiversity.Eachbusinessunithasadiversitymanagerwhoimplementsthesestrategiesandworkscloselywiththecompany'sDiversityNetwork.Thenetworkprovidesaforumofemployeestoshareideas,solicitsupport,andbuildcoalitions.
Convincedthatstrengtheningdiversityisabusinessimperative,DuPonthasestablishedseveralprogramstoachievethatgoal.Inadditiontotrainingworkshopsandmentoring,DuPonthasestablishedover100multiculturalnetworksthroughwhichemployeesshareworkandlifeexperiencesandstrivetohelpwomenandminoritiesreachhigherlevelsofleadershipandresponsibilitywithintheorganization.OverhalfofDuPont'snewhiresforprofessionalandmanagerialpositionsareminoritiesandwomen.
DisneyWorld'sdirectorofdiversitywantsthemeparkgueststoseethemselvesreflectedinthediversityofDisney'semployees.Workingtoattractdiverseemployees,Disneyhopestoconvincethemthattheorganizationunderstands,respects,andvalueswhotheyare.Byholdingavarietyofdiversitycelebrationseveryyear—includingDr.MartinLutherKing'sBirthday,Asian-PacificHeritageMonth,HispanicHeritageMonth,DisabilityAwarenessMonth,andNativeAmericanHeritageMonth—Disneyopensthedoortothiskindofunderstanding.
Whatdowelearnfromstrong,successfuldiversityprogramsuchasthese,aswellassimilarprogramsatMicrosoft,Xerox,Procter&GambleandDigitalEquipmentCorporation?
First,theycangoalongwaytowardeliminatingprejudiceintheworkplaceandremovingbarrierstoadvancement.Second,tobemorethanjustthelatestcorporatebuzzword,diversityprogramsrequirecommitmentfromthetopandaculturethatsupportsaninclusiveenvironment.
1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasculturaldiversityinthepassage?
A.Asianpeopletendtoshowsubmissivenesstotheirseniors.
B.Spanish-speakingpeopleenjoygatheringwiththeirfamilymembers.
C.Africanpeopletrytoavoideyecontacttoshowtheirrespect.
D.Americansmightbeinnovatorsdefyingtheexpertsinsomefields.
2.Foracompanytobesuccessfulinbusiness,itshoulddoallofthefollowingEXCEPTto_________
A.setupadivisiontosuperviseitsemployees.
B.provideitsclientswithgoodservices.
C.guaranteetheproductsithasproduced.
D.takeinemployeeswithdifferentculturalbackground.
3.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatdiversityprograms____________
A.havebeenputintopracticebydozensofbigcorporations.
B.mayprovidetheminoritieswithmorechances.
C.makenodemandofmanagers.
D.haveaneffectonemployees'motivation.
PASSAGETWO
Manythoughtfulparentswanttoshieldtheirchildrenfromfeelingsofguiltorshameinmuchthesamewaythattheywanttosparethemfromfear.Guiltandshameasmethodsofdisciplinearetobeeschewedalongwithraisedhandsandleatherstraps.Fear,guiltandshameasmethodsofmoralinstructionareseenasfailuresindecentparenting.Parentswanttheirchildrentobehappyandhowcanyoufeelhappywhenyouarefeelingguilty,fearfulorashamed?
Ifwewerereallyconvincedthatusingfear,guiltorshameasmethodsofdisciplineworked,though,wemightbemorereadytousethemastechniques.Butwearen'tconvincedthatthisisthecase.Wewon'thavemoresociallyresponsiblepeopleiffear,guiltandshamearepartoftheirdisciplinarydietaschildren.Instead,wewillsimplyhaveunhappypeople.Responsiblebehaviorhasnothingtodowiththetraditionalmethodsofraisingmoralchildren.
Thisdoesn'tmeanthatguiltisn'tanimportantfeeling.Itis.Guilthelpskeeppeopleontherightmoraltrack.Butguiltisaderivativeemotion,onethatfollowsfromhavingviolatedaninternalizedmoralstandard.Thisisfardifferentthanmakingsomeonefeelguiltyinordertocreatethestandardinthefirstinstance.
Mywifeonceeditedamagazineabouthunger.Aviewheldbymanyassociatedwiththesponsoringorganizationclaimed:
Youcan'tgetpeopletogivemoneytostarvingchildrenbymakingthemfeelguilty.Sothemagazinedidn'tshowpicturesofstarvingchildren,childrenwithdolefuleyes.Instead,therewerephotosofwomeninthefields,portraitsofpeasantfarmersandpicturesofpoliticalorganizers.Butthepublishersweren'tcompletelyrightaboutbelievingthatguilt-inducingpicturesdon'tleadtomoralaction.Infact,itwasthegraphicpicturesofstarvingchildreninSomaliathatcalledtheworld'sattentiontothediresituationthere.Thepoweroftelevisionisthatitdoesbringimagesofothers'tragediesdirectlyintoourhome.Norationalanalysiscandothesame.Whenwearemovedtopity,weshouldalsobemovedtoaction.
Ifwedon'tdoanything,thenwefeelguilty.Webecomepartoftheproblemweseeandfeelguiltyforlettingbadthingshappentopeople.HowcanI,goodpersonthatIam,letthiscontinue?
Whathaveprickedtheconsciencehereareguiltyfeelings.
Guiltyfeelingsarisewhenwehaveviolatedamoralnormthatweacceptasvalid.Apersonwhofeelsguilty,notesphilosopherHerbertMorris,isonewhohasinternalizednormsand,assuch,iscommittedtoavoidingwrong.Themerefactthatthewrongisbelievedtohaveoccurred,regardlessofwhobearsresponsibilityforit,naturallycausesdistress.Whenweareattachedtoaperson,injurytothatpersoncausesuspainregardlessofwhoorwhathasoccasionedtheinjury.Weneedn'tbelievethatwehadcontroloverhurting(ornothelping)anotherpersoninordertofeelguilty.
PsychologistsNicoFrijdaandBatjaMesquitaoftheUniversityofAmsterdamfindthatpeoplefeelguiltyabouthavingharmedsomeoneevenwhenitwasaccidental.Nearlyhalfthepeopletheyinterviewedfeltguiltyforhavingcausedunintendedharm,suchashurtingone'smotherwhenleavinghometomarry.
Unintentionalharmmayleadtoasstrongguiltyfeelingsasintentionalharm.Inotherwords,beingcarelessisasmuchasourceofguiltasintentionalharm.Wesay,IfonlyIhadbeenmorecareful,IfonlyIhadpaidmoreattention,IfonlyIwereabetterdriver.Thefactthatacourtmaynotevenbringchargesagainstyouinthefirstplacemayhelptoassuagesomeofthepainbutitdoesn'tremoveallthefeelingsofguilt.
Thefeelingisusefulinsofarasitmakesusmorecautious,makesusbetterdriversormovesustosociallyresponsibleaction.Thesociopathneverexperiencessuchfeelingsandthereforeposesadangertosociety;theneuroticexperiencessomuchofitthathecan'tfunctionnormallyinsociety.
Feelingguiltyforharmyouhavecausedwhenyouaren'tresponsibleispossiblebecausethereisamoregeneralizedreadinesstoacceptresponsibilityforyouractions.Guiltariseswhenwethinkwehavehadchoicesandthenhavemadethewrongmoralchoice.Guiltandresponsibilityappeartogotogether.
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