答疑3.docx
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答疑3.docx
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答疑3
清考题型
PartIWriting(本题满分15分)
PartIISpeedReading(本题满分10分;每题1分)
PartIIIMultipleChoices(本题满分10分;每题0.5分)(词汇和语法)
PartIV.ReadingComprehension(本题满分40分,每题2分)
PartVCloze(本题满分10分;每题0.5分)
PartVIVocabulary(本题满分10分,每题1分)
(每个单元SectionA&B课后练习第三题)
PartVIITranslation(本题满分5分;每题1分)(课后短语)
Children'sEating
Raisingchildrencanbeachallengingjob.Itcanalsoberewarding.Whenitcomestoeating,themorecaregiversknowaboutchildren'snaturaleatingpatterns,theeasierandmorerewardingthejoboffeedingchildrencanbe.
Likemanyotherbehaviors,children'seatingpatternsarelargelylearned.Startingfrominfancy(婴儿期),achildlearnswhatcanbeeatenandwhatcannot,whatisappropriatewithinthecultureandthefamilyregardingfoodmanners,whattypesoffoodarelikedanddisliked,andwhatcuesareimportantincontrollingtheamountoffoodeaten.Children'seatingpatternsmovethroughpredictablestagesofdevelopmentthatpresentchallengesandopportunitiesforlearningandmasteringpropereatingpatterns.Earlyfeedinginteractionsinfluencethesetofskillsandbehaviorschildrenpossessastheireatingmovesfromcompletelydependingontheircaregiverstorelyingmoreonthemselves.
Inborn(天生的)Abilities,Preferences,andTransitions(转变)
Becauseanewbornspendsabout50%ofhiswakingtimeeating,thefeedinginteractionisperhapsaninfant'smostimportantexperience.Feedingnotonlysuppliesenergyforgrowth,italsoestablisheshisbondwithhismother,providesasenseofsecurityandpleasurefortheinfant,andpresentsrepeatedopportunitiesforlearningandsocialexchange.
Achild'stransitiontosolidfoodisadynamic(不断增长的)periodofgrowthandlearning.Eatingpatternschangemoreduringthisperiodthanduringanyothertimeoflife.Thistransitionrequiresrapidlearningaboutflavors,food,manners,andsocialexchange.
Anoftenunrecognizedmilestone(里程碑)inyoungchildren'seatingbehaviorisdealingwithafearofnewfood.Youngchildrenareinclinedtobeafraidofnewfoodwhentheyarebetween18-24monthsofage.Childrenpreviouslyjudgedas"goodeaters"oftenbegintorejectnewfoodandrefuseformerlyaccepted,familiaritems.Children'sacceptanceofnewfooddoesnothappenrightaway.Itrequiresrepeatedexperiencewithnewfoodtoovercomefearsandenhanceacceptance.
TheFamilyEatingEnvironment
Parentsandcaregiversgreatlyinfluencetheeatingenvironmentinwhichchildren'spreferencesandeatingpatternsdevelop.Caregiversdeterminewhichfoodsareavailabletothechildandwhatcomposesachild'sdiet.Theyalsoprovideamodelofeatingbehaviorandguideachild'seatingthroughfeedingpractices.Byselectingthefoodthatcomesintothehome,parentshavedirectcontroloverthefoodchildrenrepeatedlyeat.
Atanypointindevelopment,largedifferencesmayexistamongparentsintheextenttowhichtheyallowachildtocontroleating,includingthetimingofmeals,aswellaswhatandhowmuchiseaten.Feedingpracticesthataretoocontrollingarenoteffective,butrathermayworkagainstpromotinghealthyeatingpatterns.Theuseofpressureandrestrictioninchildfeedingseemstohaveanoppositeeffectonchildren'spreferences.Anotherunintendedconsequenceofusingpressureinchildfeedingisthatitmaycauseeatingtobeinfluencedbyfactorsotherthanachild'sownhungerandfullness.
TheContemporaryEatingEnvironment
Whilethefamilyisthemostimportantenvironmentinwhichchildren'seatingdevelops,culturalandphysicalenvironmentsalsoplayarole.Environmentalfactorsaffectaparent'sabilitytopromotehealthyeatingpatterns.Suchfactorsincludeincreasedtimedemandsinfamilylife,lossofthefamilymeal,increasedtelevisionviewingduringmeals,increaseddining-out(外出就餐)occasions,andincreaseduseofchildcare.Parentsalsostrugglewiththebroaderhealthandeatingconcernsofoursociety.Thisclimateincludespoordietqualityandanever-increasingnumberofoverweightparentsandchildren.Atthesametime,societyplacesanenormousemphasisondietingandthinness.
PromotingHealthyEatingBehaviors
Aworthygoalforparentsandcaregiversistocreatefeedingenvironmentsthatpromotehealthyeatingbehaviorsandsupporthealthyweightandgrowth.Thereareseveralimportantfeedingissuesformostchildren:
1.Youngchildreneatsmallamountsoffoodfrequently;threemealsandthreesnacks(点心)isanormaleatingpatternuntilwellintotheschoolyears.
2.Theappearanceofirregulareatingpatternsisnotnecessarilyevidenceofpooreatinghabits.Parentsshouldconsidertheamountoffoodeatenacrossthedayandbeyond,ratherthanfocuson"gettingachildtoeat"ataparticulareatingoccasion.
3.Youngchildrenrequirefewerenergyandsmallerportionsizes.Becauseincreasingportionsizesmayincreaseenergyintakes,becarefulaboutroutinely(习惯性地)offeringadult-sizeservingsofdrinksandsnacks.
Keepingtheseissuesandthefollowingtentipsinmindwillhelpparentsandcaregiversdevelophealthyeatingbehaviorsinthechildrentheycarefor.
TenTipsforPuttingInformationintoAction
1.Childrenbenefitfromeatingroutines(常规)andstructureinthesamewaythattheybenefitfrombedtimeroutines!
Besuretoofferthreemealsandtwotothreesnacksacrossthecourseoftheday.Inbetween,avoidfeedingthechildbyadoptinga"closedkitchen"policy.
2.Whatdoeshungerhavetodowithit?
Everything.Directchildrentowardsinternalcueslikehungerandfullness.Speakplainlytochildrenabouthungerandfullnessduringmealtimeandsnacks.
3.Avoidfocusingontheamountsconsumed.Instead,offerhealthychoicesandlearnaboutappropriateportionsizesforchildren.
4.Offerhealthysnacksandroutinelyremindchildrenthatfruitsandvegetablesareavailableforsnacking.
5.Don'tgiveup!
Childrenneedrepeatedexperienceswithnewfoodbeforetheylearntolikethem.
6.Beconsciousoflownutrient,high-energydrinksandfoodconsumption.
7.Beactive!
Turnoffthetelevision(limitof2hoursperday)andencouragefreeplaybyGOINGOUTSIDE!
8.Makefamilymealsaprioritywheneverpossible.Tryforatleastthreefamilydinnersaweek.Limiteatingouttotwiceaweekandtrytochooserestaurantswithsurroundingsthatpermitconversation.
9.Developchildren'sconversationalstylesandtheirsenseofimportancebyeliminatingdistractionsliketelevisionandmusicduringfamilymeals.
10.Promotehealthyeating—notdieting—inwordandindeed.Adoptamoderateapproachthatincludesallfoodinage-appropriateamounts.
CollegeIsJusttheBeginningofLifelongLearning
Althoughitmaysometimesfeelmorelikeaburden,beingastudentisagoldenopportunity.Asastudent,youareabletofocusonlearningforaperiodoftime,andyourschoolfocusesonyouinreturn,helpingyougainaccesstoknowledge,resources,andexperiences.Takeadvantageoftheacademicopportunitybydevelopingahabitofseekingoutnewlearningopportunities.Thathabitwillencourageyoutocontinueyourlearninglongafteryouhavegraduated,eveninthefaceofthepressureofeverydaylife.Learningbringschange,andchangecausesgrowth.Ifyouconfineyourlearningtoyourtimeasastudent,youwillmakeitdifficulttoimproveandmoveaheadbothonthejobandinyourpersonallife.Ontheotherhand,ifyoutakeadvantageofthechancestolearnwhatcomesintoyourway,youwillcontinuetomoveahead.Asyouchangeandtheworldchanges,newknowledgeandideascontinuallyemerge.Absorbthemsothatyoucandriveyourselfforwardintothefuture.
Herearesomelifelonglearningstrategiesthatcanencourageyoutocontinuallyaskquestionsandexplorenewideas.
Lookintonewinterests.Wheninformationandeventscatchyourattention,takeyourinterestonestepfurtherandfindoutmore.Ifyouarefascinatedbylawyersontelevision,findoutmoreifyourschoolhaslegalclubswhereyoucanexplore.Ifafriendofyoursstartstotakeyoga(瑜珈),tryoutaclasswithhim.Ifyoureallylikeonepartofaparticularclass,seeifthereisanyotherclassthatfocusesonthatspecificsubject.Stopsaying"IwishIhadtriedthat"andstartsaying"I'mgoingtodoit."
Readbooks,newspapers,magazines,andotherwritings.Readingopensaworldofnewperspectives.Checkoutwhat'sonthebestsellerlistatyourbookstore.Askyourfriendsaboutbooksthathavechangedtheirlives.Stayonthetopofthecurrentchangesinyourcommunity,yourstate,yourcountry,andeventheworldbyreadingnewspapersandmagazines.Anewspaperthathasabroadscope,suchasTheNewYorkTimesorWashingtonPost,canbeaneducationinitself.Explorereligiousliterature,familyletters,andInternetnewsgroupsandwebpages.Keepsomethingwithyoutoreadatthosemomentswhenyouhavenothingtodo.
Spendtimewithinterestingpeople.Whenyoumeetsomeonenewwhoinspiresyouandmakesyouthink,keepintouch.Haveadinnerpartyandinviteonepersonoracouplefromeachcornerofyourlife—yourfamily,yourwork,yourschool,aclubtowhichyoubelong,andyourneighborhood.Sometimes,meetforreasonsthatgobeyondjustbeingsocial.Startabookclub,arepairgroup,anactingclub,anexercisegroup,orabusinessgroup.Learnsomethingnewfromeachother.
Makeimprovementinyourstudiesandinyourcareer.Whenatschool,takeclassesoutsideofyourmajorifyouhavetime.Aftergraduation,continueyoureducationbothinyourfieldandintheareaofgeneralknowledge.Stayontopofideas,developments,andnewtechnologyinyourfieldbyseekingoutcontinuingeducationcourses.Signupforcareer-relatedseminars.Tak
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