英美国家概况下册课后答案.docx
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英美国家概况下册课后答案.docx
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英美国家概况下册课后答案
英语国家概况
(1)
(2)问题库答案
63.WhatwastheuniqueAmericanphenomenon?
Howdiditcomeintobeing?
Doyouthinkitstillexistsintoday'sAmericansociety?
63.HeisanAmerican,wholeavingbehindhimallhisancientprejudicesandmanners,receivesnewonesfromthenewmodeoflifehehasembraced,thenewgovernmentheobeys,andthenewrankheholds.…Hereindividualsofallnationsaremeltedintoanewraceofmen,whoselaborsandposteritywillonedaycausegreatchangesintheworld.…TheAmericanisanewman,whoactsuponnewprinciples;hemustthereforeentertainnewideas,andformnewopinions.…
64.InwhatwaydidPuritanisminfluenceAmericanculture?
64.NewEnglandalsoestablishedanotherAmericantradition—astrainofoftenintolerantmoralism.ThePuritansbelievedthatgovernmentsshouldenforceGod'smorality.Theystrictlypunisheddrunks,adulterers,violatorsoftheSabbathandotherreligiousbelieversdifferentfromthemselves.RogerWilliams,oneofthePuritanswhoprotestedthatthestateshouldnotinterferewithreligion,wasdrivenoutofMassachusetts.In1635,hesetupRhodeIslandcolony,whichguaranteedreligiousfreedomandtheseparationofchurchandstate.ThePuritansalsohaveleftrichculturalheritagetofutureAmericans.TheAmericanvaluessuchasindividualism,hardwork,respectofeducationoweverymuchtothePuritanbeliefs.
65.WhatarethetwopoliticalpartiesintheUnitedStates?
Doyouthinktheyarefundamentallydifferent?
65.theUnitedStateshastwomajorpoliticalparties.OneistheDemocraticParty,whichevolvedoutofThomasJefferson'sparty,formedbefore1800.Thesymbolofthepartyisthedonkey.TheotheristheRepublicanParty,whichwasformedinthe1850s,bypeopleinthestatesoftheNorthandWest,suchasAbrahamLincoln,whowantedthegovernmenttopreventtheexpansionofslaveryintonewstatesthenbeingadmittedtotheunion.ThesymboloftheRepublicanPartyistheelephant.
66.WhatistheBillofRights?
DoyouthinkthatitwasnecessarytowritetheBillofRightsexplicitlyintotheU.S.Constitution?
66.TheBillofRights:
thefirst10amendments,collectivelyknownastheBillofRights,wereaddedwithintwoyearsoftheadoptionoftheU.S.Constitution.Theseamendmentsremainintacttoday,astheywerewrittentwocenturiesago.Thefirstguaranteesfreedomofworship,speechandpress,therightofpeacefulassembly,andtherighttopetitionthegovernmenttocorrectwrongs.TheBillofRightsandsubsequentconstitutionalamendmentsguaranteetheAmericanpeoplethefullestpossibleopportunitytoenjoyfundamentalhumanrights.
67.WhydidtheArticlesofConfederationfail?
WasitnecessarytochangetheArticlesofConfederationandwriteanewconstitutionforthenewnationoftheUnitedStatesatthetime?
67.TheArticlesofConfederationfailedbecausethestatesdidnotcooperatewiththeCongressorwitheachother.WhentheCongressneededmoneytopaythenationalarmyortopaydebtsowedtoFranceandothernations,somestatesrefusedtocontribute.TheCongresshadbeengivennoauthoritytoforceanystatetodoanything.Itcouldnottaxanycitizen.Onlythestateinwhichacitizenlivedcoulddothat.
68.Whatisafederalsystem?
Whataresomeofthemajordifferencesbetweenafederalsystemandaconfederation?
68.TheConstitutionsetupafederalsystemwithastrongcentralgovernment.Afederalsystemisoneinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralauthorityanditsconstituentparts,withsomerightsreservedtoeach.TheConstitutionalsocalledfortheelectionofanationalleader,orpresident.ItprovidedthatfederallawswouldbemadeonlybyaCongressmadeupofrepresentativeselectedbythepeople.ItalsoprovidedforanationalcourtsystemheadedbyaSupremeCourt.
69.WhataresomeofthemajorpowersofeachofthethreebranchesoftheU.S.government?
Howarethethreebranchessupposedtocheckandbalanceeachother?
69.IfCongressproposesalawthatthepresidentthinksisunwise,thepresidentcanvetoit.Thatmeanstheproposaldoesnotbecomelaw.Congresscanenactthelawdespitethepresident'sviewsonlyiftwo-thirdsofthemembersofbothhousesvoteinfavorofit.
IfCongresspassesalawwhichisthenchallengedinthecourtsasunconstitutional,theSupremeCourthasthepowertodeclarethelawunconstitutionalandthereforenolongerineffect.
Thepresidenthasthepowertomaketreatieswithothernationsandtomakeallappointmentstofederalpositions,includingthepositionofSupremeCourtjustice.TheSenate,however,mustapprovealltreatiesandconfirmallappointmentsbeforetheybecomeofficial.InthiswaytheCongresscanpreventthepresidentfrommakingunwiseappointments
70.Itisknowntoallthatbuyingandsellingstocksisariskybusiness.Whydoyouthinktherearestillsomanypeopleinvolvedinit?
70.Inordertoinvest,individualsdonothavetohaveagreatdealofmoney:
theycanbuyjustasmallportionofabusiness—calledashare.Thebusinessofbuyingandsellingsharesinenterpriseshasbecomesobigthatofficeshavehadtobesetupwherethesellingofshares,orstock,cantakeplace.Theseplaces,locatedinmanycitiesintheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld,arecalledstockexchanges.Thebest-knownisperhapstheNewYorkStockExchange,locatedintheWallStreetareaofNewYorkCity,thenation'slargestcityandamajorbusinesscenter.
71.WhatpromotesthediversityinAmericanreligion?
71.Continuousimmigration.
72.InwhatwaydoyouthinkthatreligiousfreedomwasahistoricalnecessityintheUnitedStates?
72.AfewAmericansweresoinfluencedbythenewscienceandnewideasoftheEnlightenmentinEuropethattheybecamedeists,believingthatreasonteachesthatGodexistsbutleavesmanfreetosettlehisownaffairs.ManytraditionalProtestantsanddeistscouldagree,however,that,asTheDeclarationofIndependencestates,"allmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheircreatorwithcertainunalienablerights,"andthat"thelawsofNatureandNature'sGod"entitledthemtoformanewnation.Amongtherightsthatthenewnationguaranteed,asapoliticalnecessityinareligiouslydiversesociety,wasfreedomofreligion.TheFirstAmendmentinsuredthatAmericangovernmentwouldnotmeddleinreligiousaffairsorrequireanyreligiousbeliefsofitscitizens.
73.WhatistherelationshipbetweengovernmentandreligioninAmerica?
73.Insomeways,thegovernmentsupportsallreligions.ReligiousgroupsdonotpaytaxesintheUnitedStates.Butgovernmentdoesnotpayministers'salariesorrequireanybelief—notevenabeliefinGod—asaconditionofholdingpublicoffice.Oathsareadministered,butthosewho,likeQuakers,objecttothem,canmakeasolemnaffirmation,ordeclaration,instead.
74.WhataresomeofthefeaturesinreligionthatareparticularlyAmerican?
WhataresomeofthemajordifferencesbetweenAmericanreligionandreligioninEurope?
74.Firstofall,Americanswithdifferentreligionslivetogetherunderthesamelaw.Secondly,thereligiousbeliefsofAmericanscontinuetobestrongwithsocialprogress.Thirdly,intheUnitedStateseverychurchisacompletelyindependentorganization,andconcernedwithitsownfinanceanditsownbuilding.
75.WhatisthemainthemeinAmericanliteratureaccordingtotheauthor?
Howdoestheauthorillustratehispoint?
75.ThequestingoftheAmericanpeoplehasindeedbeenadramaofmanyparts.Inonewayoranother,however,ithasalwaysbeena"pursuitofhappiness".Americanliteratureisthecontinuousnarrativeofthatpursuit.
76.WhydidMarkTwainwinsomanyreadersbothathomeandabroad?
76.MarkTwainwasthefirstmajorAmericanwritertobebornawayfromtheEastCoast.HegrewupinasmalltownonthebanksoftheMississippiRiverandreceivedonlyabasicpublicschooleducation.Hebeganworkinginaprinter'sshopwhenhewasstillaboy,andthisexperienceledtoaseriesofnewspaperjobsintheMidwestandtheWest.Twainwasanewvoice,anoriginalgenius,amanofthepeople,andhequicklywonreaders.
77.WhatarethemajorcharacteristicsofeducationinAmerica?
77.Americanshaveastrongtendencytoeducatetheirchildrenaboutmajorpublicconcerns—problemssuchasenvironmentalpollution,nuclearissues,neighborhoodcrimeanddrugs.Respondingtopublicpressure,boardsofeducationindifferentareasoftenaddcoursesonvariousrelevantissuestotheelementaryandsecondaryschoolcurriculum.
78.Whataresomeofthemajorthemesinnovelswrittenbythe"LostGeneration"?
78.The"LostGeneration"isatermusedtodescribethegenerationofyoungmenandwomenwhocametomaturityinthe20s.SomeofthemfoughtinWorldWarI.Theybecamedisgustedwithwaranddisillusionedwiththepost-warsociety.Theysharedthesamesenseofdislocation,rootlessnessanddisillusionment.
79.WhatisthegoalofeducationintheUnitedStates?
DiscussthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinGreatBritain,theUnitedStatesandChinaconcerningthegoalsofeducation.
79.Thegoalis—andhasbeensincetheearlydecadesoftherepublic—toachieveuniversalliteracyandtoprovideindividualswiththeknowledgeandskillsnecessarytopromoteboththeirownindividualwelfareaswellasthatofthegeneralpublic.Thoughthisgoalhasnotyetbeenfullyachieved,itremainsanidealtowardwhichtheAmericaneducationalsystemisdirected.Theprogresswhichhasbeenmadeisnotablebothforitsscopeandfortheeducationalmethodswhichhavebeendevelopedintheprocessofachievingit.
80.WhatdoesanAmericanstudentlearn?
80.Americanstudentspassthroughseverallevelsofschooling—and
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