新航道考研英语长难句100句解析经典.docx

新航道考研英语长难句100句解析经典.docx

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新航道考研英语长难句100句解析经典

长难句是英语考试中必考的内容,许多同学之所以英语成绩不高,正是因为阅读习惯和思维方式受到句子长度和难度的干扰,这也是出题者的意图所在.下面给大家介绍几种常见的英语长难句,方便大家复习.

1.含有分隔结构的句子

分隔结构在英语表达中经常出现,它的作用主要是调整语气、补充信息以与平衡句子结构.在阅读长难句中出现较多的分隔形式是插入语.插入语有很多不同的类型,可以是一个词,比如形容词、副词；可以是短语,比如形容词短语、介词短语、分词短语、动词不定式；也可以是句子,比如ifImaysayso,ifyoudon'tmind,thatis等都是非常常见的插入语.通常,去掉句中这些插入成分不会影响句子的完整性.如：

Isay/hear,Ithink/hope/believe,youknow/see,what'smore,I'mafraid,doyouthink/suppose等.

如：

Hisjourneytothehellbeganinnocentlyenoughwhen,aschairmanofputerAssociatesInternational,asoftwarepany,hefirstheardhowquicklyhisemployeeshadacceptedtheirnewelectronic-mailsystem.这是一个典型的含有多个插入语的长句.aschairmanofputerAssociatesInternational是he的同位语,asoftwarepany是puterAssociatesInternational的同位语,它们将从属连词when引导的时间状语从句的主语分隔开了.去掉这些插入语后,这句话的意思就很清楚了.

2.被从句拉长的简单句

这些句子较长,有时甚至出现一个从句套另一个从句、环环相扣的情况.遇到这种情况时,考生在阅读过程中经常会遗忘前面刚刚读过的内容,往往读了几遍,还搞不清整个句子的结构.

如：

Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionaplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomenon.

事实上,无论多长多复杂的句子,都是由主干和修饰成分这两部分组成的.主干是整句话的主体框架,主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构.修饰成分可以是单词,可以是短语,也可以是从句,无论是何种形式,它在句中都只起到修饰和补充主干的作用.因此,对于这种类型的长句,我们要做的首先是确定主干,然后理清从句结构,再按照所确定的各个成分想想句子的大意,再联系上下文看是否与语境相吻合.如果前后文理不通,则可能是分析有误,这时就需要对句子结构重新进行分析.

用上述的方法简化上述的那句话,就会发现,句子的主干是thereisnotone,后面都是修饰成分.定语从句whohasnot...naturalphenomenon修饰先行词one,在这个定语从句中,oftheverysamekind...asthat...作为后置定语修饰aplextrainofreasoning；句中有一个让步状语thoughdifferingindegree作为分隔结构,把theverysame...asthat分隔开；asthatwhich...中的that是先行词,被which所引导的定语从句修饰.

在考研英语阅读中,常用来拉长简单句的就是定语从句和状语从句.尽管很多考生对这两种从句并不陌生,但仍然被它们迷惑,分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系.比如分不清定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个,或者一个从句究竟该在哪里结束.出现这种情况并不完全是因为对语法不够熟悉,而是因为忘记了一个重要的原则--在没有列举的情况下,以句号为标记的一句话中一般只能有一个谓语动词.因此,从句应该在其后的第一个谓语动词和第二个谓语动词之间结束.如果从句中出现连词and等,则有可能连接了两个谓语动词,那么从句就应该在第二个和第三个谓语动词之间结束,以此类推.

3.多个并列句构成的长句

这是一种相对简单的情况,我们首先要做的就是找到并列连词,然后将长句分解成多个分句,理清各分句的内部结构和句意,然后再综合考虑全句,即可明了整句话想表达的意思.如：

Inthe1970shewasasurgeonatYale,hadawonderfulwifeandfivebeautifulchildren,buthewasterriblyunhappy.需要注意的是,这种类型的句子中常出现省略现象,比如在本例中,第二个并列句即had前面就省去了andhe.

4.复合从句

对于复合从句,要首先找出从属连词并确定主句,接着按照简单句的分析方法,梳理各分句的结构和意义,然后确定各从句的性质,也就是明确每个从句在句中分别修饰哪些词语或结构,最后综合整体考虑全句大意.如：

IntheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed-wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.

在这个句子中,首先确定连词whereas<而>表示对比,确定主句并找出主干结构,也就是theprocessofindustrialization-wasspreadovernearlyacentury,破折号中间的短语是附加成分,修饰主语中心词process,其中socialpatterns后面thatfollowed是一个定语从句.

最后需要提醒的是,在进行长难句分析时,还应特别注意以下几点：

<1>是否有省略、倒装等现象；

<2>明确替代词的所指对象；

<3>判断并列成分的层次；

<4>句首的并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用,不要将它们归入后文的句法分析；

<5>在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中,要准确判断状语<单个词、短语或从句>究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语.

李剑考研阅读历年真题长难句翻译参考

2012022702

1.TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.

2.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirines,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.

3.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofamodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.

4.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.

5.Atthesametimetheseputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployersarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.

6.Numerousothermercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofputers.

7.ExceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameageForthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.

8.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.

9.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatpetitiveprices.

10.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.

11.Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformationandthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolorofashirtissubtlypersuasive-advertisingwoundbesoboringthatnoonewoundpayanyattention.

12.Theworkerswhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage-alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowforthereefforts.

13.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablemunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.

14.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemisplicated,time--consuming,andsometimesevenoverwhelming.

15.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.

16.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrenpeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichpetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.

17.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyour"wares"andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.

18.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapubliclyfundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogramsarenowthesubjectofanationwidedebateinBritain.

19.ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC--includingordinarylistenersandviewertosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.

20.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofesssignalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsomonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.

21.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners:

andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.

22.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge"fortable"classeswhohadretiredontheirines,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthemunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders'meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.

23.The"shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythepanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlaborwasnotgood.

24.Thepaidmanageractingforthepanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.

25.Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools:

alaborforcethatweledthenewtechnology；thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthingstechnological.

26.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions:

theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor..,areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist".

27.RobertFultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheel,etc,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea".

28.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesa