最新考博英语阅读资料.docx
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最新考博英语阅读资料.docx
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最新考博英语阅读资料
考博英语阅读资料
UnitOne
Passage1
Thephysicaldistributionofproductshastwoprimaryaspects:
transportationandstorage.Bothaspectsarehighlydevelopedandspecializedphasesofmarketing.Thecostsofbothtrans-portingandstoringarebuiltintothepricesofproducts.Transportationcanbebytruck,rail-
way,ship,orbarge.Forsomeitems,suchasexoticplantsandflowers,orwhenrapiddeliveryisessential,airfreightmaybeused.
Storage,orwarehousing,isanecessaryfunctionbecauseproductionandconsumptionofgoodsrarelymatch:
itemsgenerallyarenotsoldasquicklyastheyaremade.Inventoriesbuildup,bothinwarehousesandatretailestablishments,beforethefoodsaresold.Thetransporta-tionfunctionisinvolvedinbringinggoodstoawarehouseandtakingthemfromittoretailstores.
Storageperformstheserviceofstabilizingmarketprice.If,forexample,noagriculturalproductcouldbestored,allfoodwouldhavetobeputonthemarketimmediately.Thiswould,ofcourse,createaglutandlowerpricesdrastically.Therewouldbeanimmediatebenefittoconsumers,butinthelongruntheywouldsuffer.Farmers,becauseoflowprices,wouldbeforcedofftheland,andtheamountoffoodproducedwoulddecrease.This,inturn,wouldraiseconsumerprices.
Warehousesforstorageareofseveraltypes.Privatewarehousesareownedbymanufactur-ers.Publicwarehouses,inspiteoftheirname,areprivatelyownedfacilities,buttheyarein-dependentofmanufacturerownership.General-merchandisewarehousesstoreagreatvarietyofproducts.Cold-storagewarehousesstoreperishablegoods,especiallyfoodproducts.Grainele-vatorsareakindofwarehouseusedtokeepwheatandothergrainsfromspoiling.Abondedwarehouseisonethatstoresfoods,frequentlyimported,onwhichtaxesmustbepaidbeforetheyaresold.Cigarettesandalcoholicbeveragesarecommonexamples.
Thedistributioncenterisamorerecentlydevelopedkindofwarehouse.Manylargecom-panicshaveseveralmanufacturingplants,sometimeslocatedoutsidethecountry.Eachplantdoesnotmakeeverycompanyproductbutspecializesinoneormoreofthem.Thedistributioncenterallowsamanufacturertobringtogetherallproductlinesinoneplace.Itspurposeistominimizestorageandtoeasetheflowofgoodsfrommanufacturerstoretailersratherthanbuildupextensiveinventories.Itreducescostsbyspeedingupproductturnover.Verylargecorporationswillhaveseveraldistributioncentersregionallyorinternationallybased
1.Themainsubjectofthispassageis______.
A)transportationandstorageB)storageofproducts
C)distributioncenterD)twomainaspectsofproductdistribution
2.Warehousingisimportantinthat_
A)inventoriesbuildupbeforethegoodsaresold
B)thepriceswillgodown
C)moregoodsareproducedthancanbeconsumed
D)thefoodhastobeputonthemarketimmediately
3.Howmanytypesofwarehousesforstoragearediscussedinthepassage?
A)3.B)4.C)6.D)7.
4.Wheremightonefindmeatandmilk?
A)Grainelevator.B)Cold-storagewarehouse.
C)Privatewarehouse.D)Bondedwarehouse.
5.WhatisNOTtrueofadistributioncenter?
A)Itisarelativelynewtypeofwarehouse.
B)Productisreplacedmorequicklyandcostsaredown.
C)Somedistributioncentersarenotbuiltinthesanecountryasthefactory
D)Itbuildsupextensiveinventoriestominimizestorage.
Passage2
Howmuchpaindoanimalsfeel?
Thisisaquestionwhichhascausedendlesscontroversy.Opponentsofbiggameshooting,forexample,arouseourpitybydescribingtileagoniesofabadly-woundedbeastthathascrawledintoacomertodie.Incountrieswherethefox,thehareandthedeerarehunted,animal-loverspaintharrowingpicturesofthepursuedanimalsufferingnotonlythephysicaldistressofthechasebutthementalanguishofanticipateddeath.
Theusualanswertothesecriticismsisthatanimalsdonotsufferinthesameway,ortothesameextent,aswede.Manwascreatedwithadelicatenervoussystemandhasneverlosthisacutesensitivenesstopain;animals,ontheotherhand,hadlesssensitivesystemstobeginwithandinthecourseofmillionsofyears,havedevelopedacapacityofignoringinjuriesanddisorderswhichhumanbeingswouldfindintolerable.Forexample,adogwillcontinuetoplaywithaballevenafteraseriousinjurytohisfoot;hemaybeunabletorunwithoutlimping,buthewillgoontryinglongafterahumanchildwouldhavehadtostopbecauseofthepain.Wearetold,moreover,thatevenwhenanimalsappeartoustobesufferingacutely,thisisnotso;whatseemstoustobeagonizedcontortionscausedbypainareinfactnomorethanmuscularcontractionsoverwhichtheyhavenocontrol.
Theseargumentsareunsatisfactorybecausesomethingaboutwhichweknowagreatdealisbeingcomparedwithsomethingwecanonlyconjecture.Weknowwhatwefeel;wehavenomeansofknowingwhatanimalsfeet.Somecreatureswithalessdelicatenervoussystemthanoursmaybeincapableoffeelingpaintothesameextentaswedo:
thatasfarasweareentitledtodo,themosthumaneattitude,surely,istoassumethatnoanimalsareentirelyexemptfromphysicalpainandthatweought,therefore,whereverpossible,toavoidcausingsufferingeventotheleastofthem.
6.Animal-loversassumethatanimals,beinghunted,wouldsufferfrom____.
A)agreatdealofagonybothinbodyandinspirit
B)mentaldistressoncetheyarewounded
C)onlybodypainswithoutfeelingsad
D)crawlingintothecomertodie
7.Supportersofgameshootingmayarguethatanimals______.
A)cannotcontroltheirmuscularcontractions
B)havedevelopedacapacityoffeelingnopain
C)arenotasacutelysensitiveashumanbeingstoinjuries
D)canendureallkindsofdisorders
8.Theauthorfeelssurethat_____.
A)animalsdon'tshowsufferingtous
B)dogsaremoreendurablethanhumanchildren
C)wecannotknowwhatanimalsfeel
D)comparinganimalswithhumanbeingsisnotappropriate
9.Whatistheauthor'sopinionaboutanimalhunting?
A)Weshouldfeelthesameasthehuntedanimalsdo.
B)Weshouldprotectandsavealltheanimals.
C)Weshouldn'tcausesufferingtothem.
D)Weshouldtakecareofthemifwecan.
10.Thispassageseemsto____.
A)argueforsomethingB)explainsomething
C)tellastoryD)describeanobject
Passage3
Inscience,atheoryisareasonableexplanationofobservedeventsthatarerelated.Athe-oryofteninvolvesanimaginarymodelthathelpsscientistspicturethewayanobservedeventcouldbeproduced.Agoodexampleofthisisfoundinthekineticmoleculartheory,inwhichgasesarepicturedasbeingmadeupofmanysmallparticlesthatareinconstantmotion.
Ausefultheory,inadditiontoexplainingpastobservations,helpstopredicteventsthathavenotasyetbeenobserved.Afteratheoryhasbeenpublicized,scientistsdesignexperi-meritstotestthetheory.Ifobservationsconfirmthescientists'predictions,thetheoryissup-ported.Ifobservationsdonotconfirmthepredictions,thescientistsmustsearchfurther.Theremaybeafaultintheexperiment,orthetheorymayhavetoberevisedorrejected.
Scienceinvolvesimaginationandcreativethinkingaswellascollectinginformationandperformingexperiments.Factsbythemselvesarenotscience.AsthemathematicianJulesHenriPoincaresaid:
"Scienceisbuiltwithfactsjustasahouseisbuiltwithbricks,butacollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse."
Mostscientistsstartaninvestigationbyfindingoutwhatotherscientistshavelearnedaboutaparticularproblem.Afterknownfactshavebeengathered,thescientistcomestothepartoftheinvestigationthatrequiresconsiderableimagination.Possiblesolutionstotheproblemare
formulated.Thesepossiblesolutionsarecalledhypotheses.
Inaway,anyhypothesisisaleapintotheunknown.Itextendsthescientist'sthinkingbeyondtheknownfacts.Thescientistplansexperiments,performscalculations,andmakesob-servationstotesthypotheses.Forwithouthypotheses,furtherinvestigationlackspurposeanddirection.Whenhypothesesareconfirmed,theyareincorporatedintotheories.
11.Theword"this"inthe3rdsentenceinparagraph1refersto______.
A)agoodexampleB)animaginarymodel
C)thekineticmoleculartheoryD)anobservedevent
12.Bricksarementionedinthe3rdparagraphtoindicatehow____.
A)mathematiciansapproachscience
B)buildingahouseislikeperformingexperiments
C)scienceismorethanacollectionoffacts
D)scientificexperimentshaveledtoimprovedtechnology
13.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorreferstoahypothesisas"aleapintotheunknown"inor-dertoshowthathypotheses______.
A)aresometimesill-conceivedB)canleadtodangerousresults
C)gobeyondavailablefactsD)requireefforttoformulate
14.Whatisamajorfunctionofhypothesesasimpliedinthelastparagraph7
A)Siftingthroughknownfacts.
B)Communicatingascientist'sthoughtstoothers.
C)Providingdirectionforscientificresearch.
D)Linkingtogetherdifferenttheories.
15.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?
A)Theoriesaresimplyimaginarymodelsofpastevents.
B)Itisbettertoreviseahypothesisthantorejectit.
C)Ascientist'smostdifficulttaskistestinghypotheses.
D)Agoodscientistneedstobecreative.
B)Educationsystemsneedtoberadicallyreformed.
C)Goingtoschoolisonlypartofhowpeoplebecomeeducated.
D)Educationinvolvesmanyyearsofprofessionaltraining.
20.Thepassageisorganizedby___
A)listinganddiscussi
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